The Applications and Making of Artificial Diamonds Essay -- Diamond Di

The Applications and Making of Artificial DiamondsDiamonds ar very unique. Their hardness and beauty have enticed people for many years. Now some of the same attributes that make them sympathetic also make them useful. To understand these attributes the chemistry of carbon is very important. This unique chemistry is what makes them so hard to make. Much research has gone into the making of diamonds and this has conduct to many successes in the field. These discoveries have led to machines and processes that make diamond making more efficient and reliable. Of course, all of this research and discoveries would not be sought later on if it was not for the many applications of diamonds. This is true for cosmetic, industrial and electronic purposes. Diamonds can be very complex but have many uses.The chemistry of diamonds is very interesting. Diamonds are composed mainly of carbon. Carbon can also exist as graphite, in a carbon chain or as buckminsterfullerene. It never fo rms bonds and leaves exclusive electron pairs. In graphite the carbon motes form an sp2 bonds. In this type of bonding an electron of the s orbital jumps to the p orbital to complete the octonary with the other carbon atoms. When this happens it causes the orbital to flatten and the result is one big lattice in a two dimensional plane (Oxtoby). These lattices are attracted to each other not bonded to each other in compounds of graphite. Although they are made of the same carbon the diamond compound is different because of the type of bonds. Each atom forms four directional sp3 bonds instead of the three resonating bonds in graphite. This allows the diamond to keep its tetrahedral shape. It is also what makes the diamond so hard. The tetrahedral sh... ... January 1999. Elert, Glenn. Presuures Used to Create Artificial Diamonds. 1998.Frogley, Elizabeth. very Good Fake Diamonds. November 6, 2002. Gurov, Ivan Ivanovich. Method of Diamond Making. November 2000. Ho over, Aaron. Simply Brilliant Uf/Russian Team Makes Gem-Quality Diamonds. erudition Daily News. August 1999. Krane, Kenneth. Modern Physics. United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996.Oxtoby, Freeman, Block. Chemistry, Science of Change. Philadelphia Saunders College Publishing. 1998.

Stock Market crash of 1929 (present form) :: essays research papers

Before World War I only small fractions of Americans invested or had interest in the Stock Market. Many Americans thought of Wall Street with fear and loathing. Populist politicians denounced Wall Street as the center of financial showcase games thought up by millionaire operators like Gould, Drew, Morgan and others. But with the conclusion of the War, many of Americans were getting a different perspective of the Stock Market. Many lost fears of drop due to many were previously buyers of Liberty Bonds. Many Americans assumed they knew the advantages of investing and knowledgeable about stock splits, margin accounts, dividends, etc. New financial methods, the investment funds trust offered new approaches to investing in the market and many major corporations such as General Motors, General Electric and AT&T offered leafy vegetable stock and bonds were starting to boom and attracted many new coin-seeking investors.And till last month, the market was center of conversation, talked about and financial advice was shared everywhere The market act to increase, Major Corporations stocks rose incredibly. But brokers loans reached $137 million, and New Yorks banks were in debt to the Federal Reserve by $64million. Warning signs began to appear in the market, and many market analysts began predicting the crash. passim the nation, thousands of investors were margin trading, buying stock on credit. The margin trader bought stock by paying less than the full price. This was highly profitable but highly risky. If the stock value decreased the customer had to invest more money to sustain the account. And if the stock kept falling, the customer would run out of their money, and the broker, who usually borrowed money from their banker, was forced to sell out the account for any amount offered. If the customer could not pay the broker, the broker was unable to pay the banker, which placed of them all in debt. Many banks wanted their money from brokers, brokers wanted thei r money from customers, and the only method most customers could get their money was by selling their stock. And so there were immense rapid sales that totaled to nineteen million shares on Friday the 25th of October. The selling of the stocks depressed the market, in other words caused the stock market crash.Yesterday, on October 29, 1929 also known as Black Tuesday, was the most devastating day in economic history, a total of 16, 410, 030 shares were sold.

Ethical Education Essay -- The Importance of Education

Ethical EducationThe goal of education is to develop the highest level of mental, moral and physical ability within students. ethical motive be just as important as factual knowledge and physical well- universe. Sadly, public schools in this country are against ethical expression of any kind. Ethics are a threat to the school system because they may encourage a need for change in the present standard of education, which is decidedly anti-ethical. In U.S. public schools, students are processed through a well-built machine designed to perpetuate the status quo. Any ethical conflict that a student force have is treated like a malfunction in need of repair. The present school systems prefers cold self-interest to any sense of compassion and I believe that self interest is not a form of morality that children should be taught. Public school made me feel like a refined and harmless individual, ranked somewhere in the middle relative to other students. On the standardized tests, I alway s did well on the verbal atom but I had trouble with the math section. My mediocrity in mathematics cursed my chances of becoming the perfect well-balanced student that the system was looking for. I was restrained by grades because I thought that they were some profound measure of my life granted to me by the system. Of course, it is natural for an individual to have strengths and weaknesses, but the bulge of my daily life spent in that institution often left me with that feeling that I was average. Instead of being empowered by the school system, I felt a sense of helplessness to the problems of the world. How can I possibly change the world with my grade point average? What the public school didnt tell me was that not all historical figures of great im... ...lly deny their accomplishments and cherish those who made it on their own with little regard to anyone else. What public schools need are a strong focus on the highest form of ethical behavior, which, in my opinion, is comp assion. I believe that if compassion for ones fellow human being were encouraged from an early age in schools then it would affect society positively. We must create an open environment where all forms of ethics can be discussed by students and the teacher must encourage respect for all forms of moral thought. If we are taught that anyone can act on their concerns and change society then I think we can improve the system. The self-esteem and moral courage of every individual must be built up so that we can arrive at a higher state of humanity. Works CitedKozol, Jonathon. The Night is Dark and I Am Far From Home. New York Touchstone, 1990

Canadian Identity :: essays research papers fc

Throughout Canadas relatively short existence we have created quite a reputation for ourselves. Our capacious nation is known for many intimacys , and I am proud to say that most are positive. Does Canada have a strong national identity? Anyone stack see the answer is yes. Just take a look at the facts. For sheath, we are renowned for our peacekeepers and no other country is considered more peaceful. Without a interrogation this is the type of identity we should work to keep. The first thing we should examine is what exactly is meant by strong national identity. A actually good example of strong national identity is the U.S.. I doubt there is a man on this planet who is not familiar with the U.S.. People immediately make out their flag, and most people can tell you quite a bit about them. The same is true of Canada, and what do they know of Canada? In 1995 U.S. President visiting card Clinton stated his view of Canada in a speech where he declared, Canada has shown the world how to balance freedom with compassion and tradition with innovation, in your efforts to provide health dole out to all your citizens, to treat senior citizens with the dignity and respect they deserve...(Canada Today 9). We were in addition rated first in the UNs 1992 Human Development Index (9).As I have already stated Canada is very well known for our many peacekeeping efforts. This is due to the many places our peacekeepers have been, or are at this very moment, such as Bosnia, East Timor and even Central Africa. These are just a very small portion of the places our peacekeepers are presently stationed. I am not even mentioning the dozens and dozens of other places they have been to. Our peacekeepers have helped save countless lives and Canada has gained relatively little in return, but Canada does it anyways, because it is the right thing to do. Aside from our activities outside the country, we are also one of the best countries to live in. We have one of the top 5 life expe ctancies for both men and women. We also have the longest expected education according to the UNs stats. These are just a few reasons why Canada is the greatest country.Not only do we have a lot to offer Canadian citizens, here is a list of reasons to immigrate to Canada provided by KAM International

The Victim In A New Light :: essays research papers

Upon first reading Aurthur Millers The Crucible, it would be tripping to mistake Abigail Williams for the key player. When the story is examined, the antagonist is clearly John Proctor. Proctor was the soul inspiration for nearly every act following the dancing in the woods and the second half of the play is very dependant on him. Though John Proctor appears very simple in the beginning of the play, the subscriber soon discovers there is much more motivating him. He is very confused and tormented by guilt and suspicion. He seduced a young miss and later seemed oblivious to the cause of her obsession with him. He manipulated everyone around him. Acting on his constant indecision and half-hearted whims destroyed everything around him and many of the other characters in the play. Although most of his influence occurred in the exposition, his misleading corruption of Abigail, and then his sudden rejection of her, drove her to the extremes expressed in The Crucible. The confused, love -struck Abigail was simply doing what she felt was necessary to possess the goal of her affections. Without John Proctor, the second half of the play would be non-existent. The girls would have tired of accusing witches and the plot would have died quickly. Abigail wouldnt have had the dedication and passion in seeing Elizabeth accused. The trials would have never become as intense and concrete. John Proctor is a well hidden and underlying antagonist. In the story he may appear to be a victim, and many side with him believing that Abigail should be faulted with the severity of the situation. But Abigail is the victim of lust and deceit. Proctor took advantage of her and when he saw it convenient, he attempted to dispose of her. The stubborn and dedicated Abigail had faith and pursued his hidden affections. She knew that beneath the cold faade he still kept the same desires as she. So is she really to blame for seeking it? John Proctor is the only character in the play that causes his own downfall.

The Victim In A New Light :: essays research papers

Upon first reading Aurthur Millers The Crucible, it would be easy to sneak Abigail Williams for the key player. When the story is examined, the antagonist is clearly can Proctor. Proctor was the soul inspiration for nearly every act following the dancing in the timberland and the second half of the play is very dependant on him. Though John Proctor appears very simple in the beginning of the play, the reader in short discovers there is much more motivating him. He is very confused and tormented by guilt and suspicion. He seduced a young girl and afterward seemed oblivious to the cause of her obsession with him. He manipulated everyone around him. Acting on his constant indecision and half-hearted whims destroyed everything around him and many of the other characters in the play. Although virtually of his influence occurred in the exposition, his misleading corruption of Abigail, and then his sudden rejection of her, drove her to the extremes expressed in The Crucible. The confu sed, love-struck Abigail was simply doing what she felt was necessary to possess the object of her affections. Without John Proctor, the second half of the play would be non-existent. The girls would have tired of accusing witches and the plot would have died quickly. Abigail wouldnt have had the dedication and passion in perceive Elizabeth accused. The trials would have never become as intense and concrete. John Proctor is a well hidden and underlying antagonist. In the story he may appear to be a victim, and many side with him believing that Abigail should be faulted with the severity of the situation. But Abigail is the victim of lust and deceit. Proctor took advantage of her and when he saying it convenient, he attempted to dispose of her. The stubborn and dedicated Abigail had faith and pursued his hidden affections. She knew that beneath the cold faade he still kept the resembling desires as she. So is she really to blame for seeking it? John Proctor is the only character in the play that causes his own downfall.

Lafarge-Agent

1. How can Lafarge-Aget differentiate its position in the eyes of nodes? Aget is operating in a commodity market. Is only way to avoid price wars and to learn more market share is by differentiating themselfs from the other suppliers by providing there customers additional value. Aget should invest in establishing a customer supplier relationship. This relationship should regale the following issues * More frequent pen/electronic communication lower acquisition costs for firms * More frequent face to face communication , written / electronic communication- lower operation costs. Being flexible towards the customers needs lower firms acquisition and operations costs. * Quality lower firms acquisition and operations costs. * Invest in closer facilities lower firms acquisition costs 2. Although cement is a commodity at large, does pricing affect strike in the assiduity? The market demand for cement is elastic, so pricing plays an important role in the demand of cement. If sup pliers higher their prices just a little bit, it volition have a biggish effect on the demand, that will decline.But also the other way around, if suppliers lower their price, consequently demand will increase. But it is not the only factor that plays a role. Demand for cement also depends on macroeconomic factors such as * Population growth * GDP growth * Interest rates * Economic policies * and so on Also the government can play an important role in this. In 2003, the demand for cement kept rising in Syria. The state-owned company then limited supplies by restricting imports. In this way the prices were kept high. 3.Amidst a commodity product and a highly competitive market how can Aget bleed the commodity trap? Price is not the only thing that is important in the cement industry. For starters, there are quite some different kinds of cement. So its important for a company to have a broad product range for cement. Second, the quality of the cement has to be very good. The ceme nt industry is a very local one, so it is important to be available and to deliver on time. Aget should also divide the market in different components.Every segment probably wants a different kind of cement, but probably also a different kind of service. So Aget has to give the justly service to the right segment of the market. So its important that they adjust their service for their different costumers. Aget should also look for new kind of cement. By investing in enquiry and development in order to be one step ahead of the competition. This all will lead to a good customer relationship and customer loyalty. 5. How can Aget develop a profitable customer relationship, without cutting prices?The first step of developing a profitable customer relationship is to understand what factors whitethorn affect customers final decision making. As we known, the factors include anterior experience, quality of objectives, the salesman, sale strategy, service, price etc. In terms of these fact ors, without cutting price, we can put on following actions to attract customers, obtain customers satisfication, develop and maintain a profitable customer relationship. 1. Product offering must go beyond customers expectations, and better than their previous experience. * Increase the quality of offering Provide product augmentation (for exceeding customers expectations) * Develop a core product with prominent character to attract customers attention 2. plunge a superior customer service network. * Provide full transaction service * Establish multi-channel service (combine head office, distributors, retailers, online, telephone service together) * Develop customer-support teams (which will aid the customer starting with the project design and materials specification through to the maintenance phase) * Establish concern information and advisory teams (at the disposal of customers) 3.Improve the impact of the satisfying sales team (which link is also important in establishing go od customer relationship). * Train the sales to improve their sales and customer relationship management skills(for enhancing their customer service awareness and maintain their long-term relationship with the customers) * Adopt effective sales incentives

Pillars of Democracy in Tanzania

Democracy is a organisational form of political relation in which governing former is derived from the populate, by consensus (consensus majority command), by direct referendum (direct democracy), or by means of elected representatives of the people (representative democracy). The term comes from the Greek word (demokratia) rule of the people, which was coined from (demos) people and (Kratos) business office. There is no universal definition of the term democracy, people like the late USA president ABRAHAM LINCOLN define democracy as The politics of the people, for the people and by the people which means ?Of the people means the presidency derives all its effects from the people ? For the people means the government is there to serve the pursuit of the people ? By the people means the people elect those who ar to govern on their behalf According to Nnoli(20033) he defined democracy as the corpse of government usually involving freedom of the individual in various aspec ts of life, equality among citizens, jurist in the relations between the people and the government and the participation of the people in choosing those in government.Democracy is devided into direct democracy where by all adult citizen of a community of interests participate fully in a decision make on matter brought for discussion. Decision argon by the popular vote YES or NO. The Anthens are the first people to practices direct democracy. It is mostly conducted in the small populated areas like classrooms in the election of the Class representative.The other type of democracy is indirect democracy where by different bases in community elect reoresentative and give them mandate to make familiar decision on their behalf. The representative may be genius person or small group of people. Indirect democracy originated in Europe during the emergence of capitalism. In this kind of democracy periodic elected leaders are placed into power and are removed from the power through period ic election, it mostly done in highly populated areas.Also these representative is divided into three categories which are parliamentary democracy Which is kind of representative democracy where by the executive is a part of the legislature here king or queen is the head of the state and rush minister is the head of government example Britain,Spain,Holland,Beigium and so on, the other category is Presidential democracy where by the executive and the legislature are independent of distributively other. The president is the head of both state and government and holds ffice for a fixed period example USA In order for the democracy to stand in any confederation the following are some of the essential pillars of the architecture of democracy First, free and fair elections lend legitimacy to democracy by preventing one person or a small group in society from imposing certain vested interests on the general population. No one person or group should exercise a monopoly of power over the election process. In a democracy, political parties can be formed and can campaign without intimidation.Some countries want political parties to have a minimum level of popular support before they can participate in elections. All political parties must(prenominal) overly have access to a free media and other means to broadcast their election manifestos. The electoral process is supervised, monitored and carried out by a neutral torso, more an election commission. In Tanzania free and fair election is conducted though in other hand it is non practiced since some political parties are prone more chances to broadcast their election manifestos than others.For example CCM(Chama cha Mapinduzi) is given priority to broadcast its election manifesto than other political parties like TLP(Tanzania labour Party), CHADEMA (Chama cha demokrasia na Maendeleo), CUF(Civic get together Front) and others. Also there is no neutral electoral commission as the commissioner of National Electoral Commission (NEC) is appointed by the President and it works chthonian the President office which might violate its neutrality. The second pillar is political tolerance. Free and fair elections do not give a mandate to curb or sideline those who have voted against the government.It similarly does not mean that the majority have the right to rob the nonage of its civil liberties, rights, property or life. valuation reserve is demand for democracy to be sustained. If minority groups do not benefit equitably from the election process, there can be no repose. That absence of peace would make a mockery of efforts to be democratic. In many countries, there are examples of rewards be given only for those voters who back up the ruling party, with neglect or punishment for those who voted for the opposition. The distribution of food, water supplies and development resources has been used as a weapon of control to win elections.In Tanzania to some extents the majority rule is applyin g while minority rights are respected but the political tolerance is yet to stand as we saw in our last general election where Chama cha demokrasia na Maendeleo(CHADEMA) didnt accept the win of the President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete and in the opening assembly of the second phase of his term their Members of Parliament went out and didnt recognize his position of President. That was being intolerant. The third pillar is the rule of law. There has been much debate on the meaning of this.What is clear, though, there is close connection between the rule of law and democracy. When the political process is subject to laws and the government officials exercising their power and authority within the constitution and laws of the country, it enables citizens to judge the lawfulness of the government. Democracy give ways dysfunctional when the bureaucracy, the judiciary, the legislature, the private sector, the police and the multitude all use their power to enrich themselves and advance their own interests at the expense of civil society. Laws notwithstanding, corruption undermines the rule of law.To ensure the functioning of the rule of law, it is racy that the integrity and independence of the judiciary and the entire justice system are not subject to undue influence and illegal intervention. In Tanzania the practice of rule of law is very minimal the governors undermine its practice where some of the leaders who break the laws are not taken care of as the laws claims, also the worry of corruption in the judiciary branch is persisting never the less the judiciary has done its part in solving elections cases of Igunga, Ubungo, and Arusha constituents as well as private candidacy in general election by standing on the lawsThe fourth pillar is freedom of way. What people in civil society are allowed to say, print, distribute and discuss is indicative of the democratic nature of a political system. A free press is a measure of the freedom of expression in a society. Fe w governments have a genuinely easy relationship with a free press. Yet, despite all its shortcomings, a free press, supported by open Internet access, is indispensable to keeping the public informed as part of a functioning democracy. Even in an established democracy, government may seek to manipulate a free press into serving its own ends.Governments often conduct spin campaigns, to advance their agenda and dilute the power of independent media. New technology is unleashing powerful new forces through expansion of information dissemination and space for public discourse. These new forces have made it much harder for governments to control the flow of information. The fact remains that even democratically-elected governments will go to great lengths to manipulate public opinion whether on TV, in the print media or the Internet.Taking the case of Tanzania where newspapers like Mwanahalisi was banned by the government just because it provided information that affect the welfare of so me of government leaders. Also the Editor of Tanzania daima newspaper Absalom Kibanda is also facing the court charges for allowing publishing of news that affect the current government interests so the freedom of press is denied and government create fear indirectly for the public opinions to be expressed The fifth pillar is accountability and transparency.This means that institutions of government and individuals in those institutions must be held accountable for their actions. A government must be accountable to the people who elected it. Furthermore, it must be accountable to an independent judiciary or other impartial institutions established to check government action. Decisions must not advance the agendas of vested interest groups over the public interest. As Mmuya and Chaligha(1994 pg 189) claimed Democracy become meaningful only when political parties are accountable to the people.Moreover the government has not only to be impartial but also be accountable to the people t hrough their representatives. Also political parties have to be accountable and actualize their duties as they are supposed to be. To some extent the Tanzania government is accountable the public can question the government actions and expenditures, officials who misuse their power are removed from their positions. Example Dr. William Mhando the former managing director of TANESCO together with his subordinates were removed from office due to misuse of public office for their own interest.To some extent the Tanzania government is transparent from time to time it inform the public about its decisions and action example now days all members of parliament and high officials are asked to disclose their wealthiness before start to work and after fixed period before moves out from their positions. The sixth pillar rests on local political empowerment. The closer the government is to the people governed, the more responsive the government is likely to be. At the same time, for decentral ised democracy to work, here must also be a decentralisation of funding, material and human resources and institutional capability. Decentralisation of the political process is another way to curb the concentration of power and influence exercised by political forces. Citizens become more aware, interested and willing to participate in democracy when they see their officials as neighbours and what is at stake as something close to home. Only the national government can print currency, conduct foreign policy, provide for the nations defence.However local matters such as community services are best managed by local or state, regional or country or provincial government. The other pillar of democracy is the Separtion of power. Is the system where by Government powers are divide and divided between the three branches namely Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Each of these branches performs its functions independently without interference from other branches. Executive is the body o f government which comprises the President, the Cabinet and civil servants. Is the rulling body which conduct all administrative works in the government.Legislature is the law enacting body which comprise of the President and national assembly and the Judiciary body comprises of court decide, magistrates and headed by Chief justice and their duty is to enforce laws. In Tanzania these three branches are ideologically there but their practice is not efficient. The President who is the head of executive branch is also part of the parliament or legislature so he might have the influence to members of parliament when they will be required to pass the bills. In that sense the legislature branch is not fully independent from the executive branch.Also the President have the mandate to appoint court judges of high court as well as court of appeal together with the Chief Justice so they will ideologically being screen out as judiciary branch but their work might have the influence of the on e who apoointed them hence the separation of power is yet not being achieved. The other pillar is human rights which are the needs which all people deserve simply because of their humanity. For example right to live, right to vote and to be voted. Ther are individual rights, moral rights and others.In Tanzania human rights are included in the national constitution and are also maintained, like right to vote, right to have raw material needs, right to live though there are actions which refuse some of these rights like killing of elders in Shinyanga and the Lake Victoria zone, also albino killing which both deny the right to live. All in all the pillars of democracy outlined above are necessary but insufficient without leaders to build and maintain them. The qualities of leading for sustainable democracy are to be found in those who act in an honest, transparent and accountable manner.They are consensus builders, open-minded and fair. They are committed to justice and to advancing the public interest. And they are tolerant of opposing positions. In admitting our fathers limitations, let us strive to avoid the mistakes of the past and look advancing to a new generation of leaders who can build on the lessons of the struggles of ordinary citizens for democracy. References ?Mmuya and Chaligha(1994) Political parties and Democracy in Tanzania, Dar-es-salaam University Press Tanzania ? Nnoli(2003) Introduction to politics, Enugu Nigeria ?www. nationmultimedia. com

The Future of WiMAX and its Effect on Our Lives

On the bad side, which include health concerns that come with these radiation waves, which can affect peoples health. In general, what does WiMAX technology mean? This is very primal to know. To explain it well, everyone has to know that WiMAX is not the same as Wi-Fi. In the past, the internet was not spread like it is now so this technology was not well-known. Nowadays, it is larger and effective in society, because this science has become much important than before. In fact, what changed is that now people become more interested in these technologies and look for more development in this field.With development in this field, companies start to invent new technology that can be better than and challenge Wi-Fi, such as WiMAX and LTE. An recitation of people who might be interested in WiMAX is college students who spend a lot of time working on their projects or research. So, if the education institutions themselves start to bring home the bacon this technology to their students , they can make the learning experience much better (Tandle, 2010). This spread of technology means more range of wireless internet on-campus, so the students have a better chance to access the internet while learning.The development of WiMAX can be helpful for any group of people. WiMAX is not the precisely technology in the wireless field there is also a big challenge with LTE. WiMAX technology descended from Wi-Fi, so it is not part of cellular technology. stock-still though WiMAX has become a challenger to LTE, LTE is still under cellular technologies. WiMAX starts with home connections and delivers a broadband connection to houses, instead of running expensive cables across long distance hey promised much better compatibility with cellphones. In addition, the LTE standard was approved in America as the first LTE network (Segan, 2012).Effect of WiMAX on our Life concord to the HowStuffWorks website, WiMAX provides worldwide access, and the idea of this technology is to make the broadband internet wider than Wi-Fi. Another way to describe it is that can access the internet not only from the hot spot near you, but also in a wide range.

Gulf Oil Analysis Essay

Statement of Problem & AlternativesGeorge Keller of the Standard Oil Company of California (Socal) is considering how much to request for disjuncture Oil great deal ( disjuncture), which is currently in the middle of a bidding war. Gulf is unwilling to consider bids below $70 per shargon even though their make out cost was $39 at the time Boone Pickens began purchasing shares in the hopes of a takeover. II. Statement of Facts and Assumptions Under the direction of James Lee, Gulf pursued a twofold st prizegy. First, Gulf renewed its focused on oil whereas in the past, Gulf had developed into an energy conglomerate through various acquisitions of coalmines, uranium mines, and synthetic fuel plants. These ventures would be de-emphasized going forward. For second part of the strategy, Gulf planned to implement a policy of increased expenditures on exploration and development (E&D).During the age leading up to the takeover attempt, Gulf more than doubled its exploration outlays. Wh ile Gulf was continuing with its ambitious E&D program, the received price of oil and instinctive gas declined from 1982 through 1983. As 1984 began, almost all industry experts were in agreement that the price of oil (in constant dollars) was not expected to change for the succeeding(a) 10 years. Lee trimmed exploration expenditures in 1983 in response to these changing fundamentals. Even at the reduced level, spending for exploration in real terms equaled or exceeded that of every year before Lees arrival except one. Based on this picture, Socal needs to value Gulf. on that point are several sources of value that can be considered the value of Gulfs petroleum militia the cost savings related to the immediate suspension of Gulfs E&D program the tax benefits associated with additional leverage the value added by shortening the recovery lag and the value of any perverse effects due to the acquisition of Gulf by a competitor1.In addition to calculating Gulfs reserve value, Socal needs to be aware of its competition. Both Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) and Kohlberg KravisRoberts & Company (KKR) are financially limited should Gulfs share price continue to escalate. It would be difficult for ARCO to bid more than $75.00 per share given that its resulting debt-to-capital ratio would exceed 60% (historically high). KKR is in a similar situation. Mesa, led by Pickens, currently holds 13.2% of Gulfs gestate at an average purchase price of $43. In order to bid successfully, Mesa would have to borrow many times their net worth. With banks queuing up to add money to support an $80 share price (or higher), Socal will have to take on a considerable amount of financial leverage.III. Analysis Although at that place are multiple sources of value, this depth psychology focuses on valuing Gulfs reserves, assuming E&D activities will cease post acquisition (liquidation value). The critical elements that infix into the valuation of Gulfs reserves are Acquisition date Since we are trying to establish why Gulf became so valuable at heart a short period of time from when their share price was $39 to when a minimum bid level of $70 per share was established, its take over to use January 1st, 1984 as the first year Socal assumed ownership of Gulf. Reserve life Assumed a reserve-to-production ratio of 121. It takes approximately 4 years for the stream to come online and the field, once online, is productive for another 7-10 yrs. Based on this ratio, Gulfs reserves are depleted at a rate of 192.75 million barrels per year over a 12-year period. Inflation rate 4.67% based on the average inflation rates observed between 1982 and 1983.There was an unusually high rate of inflation between 1978 and 1981 so years prior to 1982 were not included. However, a sensitivity analysis was performed to observe the effects of a higher inflation rate based on historical averages (see Exhibit 1). Oil sales Oil price is expected to stay at $22.42 in constant dollars ( prices are alter for inflation). Production costs Production cost per barrel is expected to stay at $6.48 in constant dollars (prices are adjusted for inflation). See Exhibit 2. Exploration costs The capitalized portion of past extraction costs are recognized as dispraise when the corresponding oil is produced.These depreciation expenses vary from year to year based on historical costs. See Exhibit 3. Working capital For this analysis, working capital is assumed to be trifling given that the analysis is geared towards determining Gulfs reserve value. Capitalexpenditures For this analysis, capital outlays are assumed to be zero given that the analysis is geared towards determining Gulfs reserve value. Gulfs E&D program ceases post acquisition.Discount rate Gulfs weighted average cost of capital calculated to be 15.35%. See Exhibit 4. Utilizing a discount rate of 15.35% and the assumptions outlined preceding(prenominal) with a impoverished cash in flow model (see Exhibit 6), Gulf s reserves are worth an estimated $80.73 share ($16,120.69M)2. Adjusting the inflation upwards to 8.37%, Gulfs reserves are worth an estimated $96.16 per share ($15,895.35M). Since Socal would be taking on additional debt, its important to check whether or not future free cash flows cover the incremental interest expense. Exhibit 7 shows that future cash flows easily cover interest expense associated with up to a $90 per share purchase price.Additionally, taking the free cash flow derived in Exhibit 6 (basis for an $80.73 share price) and discounting based on Socals WACC (16.96% see Exhibit 5), we nonplus at a reserve valuation of $75.56 per share. Adjusting inflation upwards to 8.37% and discounting at Socals WACC, Gulfs reserves are worth an estimated $89.65 per share.3 IV. Recommendations Based on the analysis, a bid of $75.56 per share for Gulf is appropriate. A bid above this price would result in a loss for Socal shareholders. This price is also above the $75 threshold, whic h if offered by ARCO or KKR would send their leverage above historical highs (greater than 60%). Given the valuations sensitivity to the assumed inflation rate, discount rate, and recovery lag, $75.56 represents a pessimistic valuation giving Socal management room to adjust its bid upwards if necessary.These estimates do not consider the possibility of recovering Gulfs unrelated fixed assets. Its important to note, the analysis is very sensitive to the discount rate assumed, recovery lag, and the inflation rate.

My personal experience Essay

This story is from my personal experience where I was involved directly with the central character in this story. This story is intimately a little girl who had lot of aspirations in life and valued to make a mark in this world. Though the name doesnt takings moreover for the matter of convenience, let us call her bloody shame. bloody shames only fault, if it was, was getting born to parents who could only afford her education by skipping bingle meal in a day. bloody shame was above average and hence scored well in her kindergarten levels.The problem started when she was promoted to 1st standard where the level of difficulty increase for her. Her parents who could not read or write were of little help. In the daily grind of earning, when they could hardly afford the meals and her education, getting a tutor for her was a deep dream. This made the little bud sink as she always wanted to be the best and was ready to work hard as well but the conditions at home and schooldays prev ented her from unlocking her potential. On one side while her parents had their own rut to handle, her school acquireer was not any considerate.She would hardly teach in the class and yet expect her students to perform the best. Well, her prestige was at s conduct. Any weak student in the class was a pain for her and she wanted to devise ways and means to expel the student who was not able to score. The first trimester results were declared and as expected Mary flunked in most of the subjects. She was not the worst but she was not above average any more. Marys teacher was infuriated with the results of the class, which was not as she wanted. She felt a emergency to teach last 10 rankers a lesson.What else could be better method than to physically torture the tiny tender kids, so that they never forget the lesson the wise(p) teacher was trying to hammer on them. In no time, last 10 rankers were asked to stand outside in the sun which was blazing at the flier summer noon. No prize s for guessing that our Mary was also asked to stand in the scorching heat. The summer sun was too harsh for the slender frame of Mary who could not sustain and passed out on the ground. She was immediately rushed in the shade and nursed.This incidence further aggravated teachers indignation. It was difficult for her to mean that kids of Marys age can not sustain such punishments. She considered Mary to be faking the whole situation. Teacher remembered the incidence and sought to vindicate it at the right opportunity. It did not take much time for the right opportunity to come in. The Semester exams were going on. Mary was trying her best to prepare for the difficult subjects. Her parents had asked me to take few classes for her as a favor. I agreed and started coaching Mary on the subjects.She was having good grasping power and unique ability to apply the experience as soon as acquired. Hence, my effort was quite less in teaching her and the output was beyond my expectation. I st arted liking to teach her. Mary was work very hard to make up the grades. She was doing well in her exams, she used to tell me. On the day of her last exam, Mary was quietly writing her root. The paper was easy for her as she was well prepared. The teacher, as vindictive she was, was watching for a slight error from Mary so that she could throw her out of the exam hall.To Marys misfortune, the moment arrived. A quick gust of wind flew Marys question paper to her fellow students desk. As Mary went on to houseclean her question paper, she was confronted & slapped hard by her teacher who left no stone un-turned in proving that she was cheating. Mary cried, cried and cried but it all went on deaf ears. Fortunately, for Mary, the principal of the school was passing by. She stopped and asked the reason for the commotion. Thankfully, the principal believed Mary and allowed her to complete her exams.This was the last straw for the class teacher to consider Mary her sworn enemy. To rub s odium chloride on her wounds, Marys result was just excellent in the semester exams. She had topped, though over all she was 3rd ranker but still there were hexad months to go and Mary hoped that she would be able to regain her original position. And then the fateful day arrived. It was one week, since the school opened and Mary was quite enkindle to learn the subjects further. She was quick to answer the questions asked in the class and was doing very well.Finally, on that day, the teacher got into an ego clash and asked Mary to explain something which was way beyond Marys scope of learning. The teacher, infuriated, threw the duster with full force towards Mary which unfortunately hit Mary directly at her temple. Immediate brain hemorrhage followed resulting in on-the-spot loss of a life which was unquestionably not meant to be going this way. The teacher was tried in the court but she was released due to deficiency of evidence and on the ground of accidental but not intended h it. Life is going on usual for me or anyone else in the world, but definitely its no more a fair world for me

Three Major Exceptions

Employment-At-Will Doctrine Employment-At-Will Doctrine three major expulsions From my research of this topic it Is obvious that the united States Is still the only industrialized nation that lacks a national wrongful dismissal statute. The reason for the lack of such is non of course the federal body structure of the united States. In the United States, employees without a written employment contract generally can be fired for good make up, ruinous cause, or no cause at all Judicial exceptions to the rules seek to prevent wrongful terminations. The employment-at-wil dogma is not without ts limits.Terminations initiated by the employer must not be discriminatory or in violation of specific federal or state laws. This is a good example of employment -at- will doctrine the employer is legally prohibited from taking any adverse employment action against an employee because of his or her race, gender, age. disability, national origin, or any other legally protected characteristic or activity. Like so many other people and workers in the united States we believe that satisfactory job fulfillances should be rewarded with other benefits and job security.As an mployee you feel that you wont get fired if you perform your Job well but this has eroded in recent decades in the face of an increased incidence of mass layoffs, reductions in companys workforce, and Job turnovers. In the last(a) half of the 19th century, employment In the united states has been at will or termin suitable by either the employer or employee for any reason whatsoever. The employment-at-will doctrine vows that when an employee does not have a written employment contract and the term of employment is of indefinite duration, the employer can terminate the employee for good cause, bad cause, or no cause at all.The courts viewed the relationships between employer and employee as being on equal footing In terms of bargaining power. It is believed that the employment-at-will doctrine reflected the belief that people should be free to enter into employment contracts of a specified duration, but that no obligations attached to either employer or employee it a person was hired without a contract. Because employees were able to resign from positions they no longer cared to occupy employers were permitted to discharge employees at their whim. As you notice the industrial revolution planted the seeds for the erosion f the employment-at-will doctrine.When employees began forming unions, the Of3 collective Dargalnlng agreements tney negotlatea wltn employers Trequently naa provender in them that required Just cause for adverse employment actions, as well as procedures for arbitrating employee grievances. These protections reflected the changing view of the relationship between employer and employee. Rather than perceive the relationship as being on equal footing, courts and legislatures slowly began to recognize that employers frequently have structural and economic advantages when negotiating with potential or current employees.It is the intelligence of employment as being central to a persons livelihood and well-being, coupled with the fear of being unable to protect a person livelihood from foul termination, led to the development of common-law, or Judicial, exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine. The three major exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine is principally address terminations that although they technically comply with the employment-at-will requirements, do not seem Just. Another exception prevents terminations for reasons that violate a States public constitution.Another recognized exception prohibits terminations after an implied contract for employment has been established such a contract can be created done employer representations of continued employment, in form of either oral assurances or expectations created by employer handbooks, policies, or other written assurances. Finally a minority of states has read an impli ed covenant of good faith and fair dealing into the employment relationship. The good faith covenant has been interpreted in different ways, meaning that terminations must be for cause to eaning that terminations cannot be made in bad faith or with malice intended.There are only six western States that recognize all three of the major exceptions and three southern States that do not recognize any of the three major exceptions to employment at will. Remember the public policy exceptions is when an employer may not fire an employee if it would violate the states public policy doctrine or a state or federal statute. This includes retaliating against an employee for performing an action that complies with public policy as well as refusing to perform an action hat would violate public policy. There are forty-three U.S. states and the District of Columbia recognize public policy as an exception to the at-will rule. In conclusion suits seeking damages for constructive discharge in which a n employee alleges that he or she was forced to resign, and for wrongful transfer or wrongful demotion have increased in recent years. Accordingly, nowadays employers must be weary when they seek to end an employment relationship for good cause, bad cause, or, most importantly, no cause at all.

In his articles, Zinsser takes a negative view of the college Essay

Pressures that an individual olfactory perceptions affect his disposition towards life. The pressure may be taken as positive or negative depending on the weight it brings a person. Most of the time pressures are viewed to bring about negative set to the person but some just do non realize that it is the pressure felt by an individual which motivates him to finish a goal. For example, a scholar is pressured to finish his date that is about to be due and if he is non able to finish it, he go out be able to receive a lowly mark.The bookman then strives hard to finish that assignment on time so that he lead not be given low mark by his professor. Sometimes, pressure may excessively nominate a student to do the assignment for the sake of doing it because if he does not submit the assignment on time, he will be able to arise a low mark. In short, pressures also bring about negative outputs. In the act by Zinsser, he had taken a negative view of the college pressures he identi fy. He identified pressures such as economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure.He had discussed that this college pressures had been a hindrance for the college students to enjoy their peer activities, to choose their own college courses to pursue and to do whatever things they find interesting and more enjoyable to do. The pressures he had identified are considered as hindrance for the students to pursue their chosen dreams. He discussed that the pressures had been affecting the students but he didnt realize that these pressure in the eagle-eyed support will be viewed as valuable for the student.The pressure which Zinsser considered as problems and hindrances for student s will be an important aspect in realizing their true dreams. economical pressures of the society today should not be viewed negatively or as a hindrance that could consummate a college student who is trying hard to be able to finish his college studies. Otherwise, economic pr essures such as the increasing trends of insurances, postage, oils, cost of boarding and tuition fees.Instead of viewing the pressures negatively, the students should be able to consider it as a challenge that they should be able to get through in order to survive in the world where they chose to live. Economic pressures serve as a challenge for the college students to try harder in pursuing their dreams to come true. Yes, it is very true that the economic pressure like a shot greatly affects the situation of the students who are financially inconstant but it should not be considered a hindrance for them to pursue whatever they aim to achieve in life.As the competition for scholarships and grants is becoming very tougher and tougher nowadays because of economic deficits felt by large companies, it is really hard to secure one in order to continue studying for college. However, securing a scholarship or grant for a student who really needs to get a scholarship will not be difficult if he have got a strong drive or motivation. Nothing is impossible for a person who is really interested and who is really motivated to achieve a goal. Students who are not financially unstable dont experience the economic pressure that is experienced by the students who are financially constrained.They are more affected with the pressures they feel from their parents. Parents of these students decide that their children must enroll to a law enlighten or a medical school. The reason behind these is that they wanted to make sure that their children get the best education in order for them to have a secured future tense. Secured future for them is enrolling in a law school or a medical school because these field of education promises large lump of money. Although some people have a negative view towards the pressures a child receive from his parents, these pressures still could cause good effects to the children in the long run.If we make an analysis, in the short run, the pressur es that parents give their children may not provide good impacts to them but in the long run, it will be able to do them good. Why? In the long run, the children will little by little accept the fate that their parents had given them and will eventually provide them good results. The student may not be really interested in the field that his parents like him to pursue but as he goes along the way, he will eventually mature and will realize that his parents want him to have the best education for him to be able to have a secured future.As he matures, he will then realize that he is more than fortunate that his parents could provide him the best education they could ever support unlike the unfortunate children that need to work in order to go to school. Because of the decision his parents made for him when he entered college, he then realizes that the pressures his parents had given him had offered him positive results and it did not turned out to have caused him negative results. Se lf induced pressure should also be viewed as a valuable and important thing in the building the future of a student.In school, he is pressured to do surpass the efforts that his classmates exert to be able to get high marks. Studying hard as well as exerting so much effort in school is a good trait a student must possess. The students learn in a way that he also has exerted effort. In this case, after graduating, he will be ready to surpass all the pressures of his work. He will not have the feeling of difficulty because he had been equipped with the right knowledge he gained when he was studying.Peer pressures felt by a student is also a valuable thing that he could use when he will seek his first job in the future. Pressure from peer is compared to the pressure that he will feel when he is already employed and will tae orders from his boss. At first, pressures given by peers to a student is not beneficial because it distracts the concentration of the student in studying but eventu ally in the long run, he will be able to get used in the pressures he feels from his peers.In this way, pressures from work in the long run will not be considered as a hindrance from him to also excel in his work in the future. He had been trained with the pressures his friends had given him and in return, the pressures of his work in the future will not be a problem anymore because he will deal it with enthusiasm. Pressures that a student undergoes during a certain part of his life particularly in his college life are very important and valuable. They should not be viewed negatively because it is a process wherein training is executed.The student is trained to become a real equipped person to be battling in the future in his work as well as in his own life and family. If in his college life, he had been used to pressure, the pressures he will be undergoing in the future will not be a burden for him to succeed instead, it will be regarded as a challenge that is to be solved with pat ience and perseverance. whole kit and caboodle Cited Zinsser. William (1978). College Pressures. The Norton Reader. Norton-Simon Publishing.

Oh captain my captain Essay

O maestro My Captain is a numbers written by Walt Whitman in 1865. The poem is classified as an elegy because it is a mourning poem that was written in the memory of someone. The poem was written to honor Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the united States. Walt Whitman was born(p) in 1819 and died in 1892, so he lived through the American Civil War. Being born miserly to the founding of the country, he knew people that were a part of the American Revolution. Through this he experienced the join and division of the United States. Walt Whitman was extremely patriotic and wrote many poems most the prominence of America. He also wrote poems about urging people to fight for what is right. The poem was k in a flashn as one of the greatest poems written at the time of the Civil War. The main political and social issue during Whitmans time was bondage and the rights of African Americans. Whitman was self-described as the poet of America and, during the Civil War, the Union. Whi tman wanted to see the end of slavery this was his hope for America. However, it broke his center of attention to see the nation fighting. He admired Abraham Lincoln immensely because of his political standpoint of universal equivalence as stated in the constitution.The passe-partout in the poem refers to Abraham Lincoln who is the captain of the ship this represents the United States of America. The first enclosure establishes a happy mood as it addresses the captain. The phrase our fearful trip is make is talking about the end of the Civil War. The next p benthood references the ship, America, and how it has wea at that placed every rack, means America has braved the tough storm of the Civil War, and the prize we sought, the end of slavery, is won. The following position expresses a mood of jubilation of the Union winning the war as it says the people all joy however, the next clientele swiftly shifts the mood when it talks of the grimness of the ship, and the darker sid e of the war. Many lost their lives in the American Civil War, and although the prize that was sought was won, the heart and souls still ache amidst the exultation of the people.The repetition of heart in line five calls attention to the poets vast grief and heartache because the Captain has bled and lies still, cold, and stillborn (lines six through eight). This is no doubt referencing the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and Whitmans sorrow for the death of his idol. In the second stanza the speaker again calls out to the Captain in a light-hearted manner and dictates to rise up and hear the bells, to join in on the celebration of the end of the war. The next three lines tell thecaptain to rise up and join in on the revelries because it is for him. He is the reason for their merriment for you the flag is flungfor you the play trills for you bouquets and ribbond wreathsfor you the shores a-crowding for you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning. Everyone is celeb rating what Lincoln sodding(a) this is not only the abolishment of slavery but also the formation of the Union and the coming together of people. Again the poet calls to the Captain as if he had never fallen. The poet does not wish to acknowledge the death of his beloved Captain, and he even asks if it is some breathing in (line 15) that the Captain has fallen cold and dead.The third stanza begins in a somber mood as the poet has finally accepted that the Captain is dead and gone. Here there is vivid and darker imagery such as his lips are pale and still and the reader can picture the dead Captain lying there still and motionless with no pulse nor will. In line 17, the poet calls out My Captain, and in line 18, the poet refers to the Captain as My father. This is referring to Lincoln as the father of the United States. Lines 19 and 20 are concluding statements that summarize the entire poem. The United States is anchord safe and sound. It is safe now from war with its voyage close d and done, from fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won.The country has accomplished its goal of the abolishment of slavery and the unification of people after a fearful war. In line 21, the examples of apostrophe, ordering shores to exult, and bells to ring are again referring to how the nation is celebrating while I with mournful tread, Walk the garnish my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. Throughout the paper there is a distinct verse line scheme, which is unusual for Whitman. The rhyme scheme in O Captain My Captain is AABCDEFE, GGHIJEKE, and LLMNOEPE for each stanza respectively. Two examples of initial rhyme are in line 10 flag is flung, as well as in line 19 safe and sound. Repetition occurs many times in this poem, for example O Captain My Captain, and fallen cold and dead.

Health Social Care

fashioning sure they take over their fluids I set my standards very high and undertake all of my tasks for my inspection and repair substance ab substance abuser to a shaft standard even d birth to their cleaning, if standards arent set high whence this stinkpot piss problems with the profit user for example if you dont brush their teeth one morning and forget to do it the abutting then their verbalize would move over a horrible taste and bad breath smell, this could then be called abuse and OVA (protection of aged adults) could come into it. So it is very important for standards to be high in the browse that is carried out. A individual(prenominal) manner of describing how personal attitudes and beliefs that could be affected and how not to approach in this manner is- If you have a service user of different theology even though yourselves dont agree with this type of religion then you shouldnt brood them any different Service user has different skin color, you sh ould share them as any former(a) person with same color skin as yourself If you and a service user have had a disagreement then you should just continue doing you work as normal and treat them as you commonly would.Outcome 2 Be able to reflect on knowledge activities Reflecting on your own work and activities is steady-going because you can see where you are or have gone wrong, you can then change this by getting more training or advice room other(a) people and they can show you what you are doing wrong. When you have done something good for example I was in a service users home and it was era for her medication, I gave her medication and then noticed she was putting them into her bag I asked if I could see and effectuate loads of uneaten medication I then informed her that I was disposing of this medication. It made me touch sensation so well-chosen by doing this as I know she couldve been designingning an over dose or something. Sources of jump out for own learning and development could be Spend time working alongside other colleagues.Talking to colleagues and asking them questions spill to training sessions either internal or external Team meetings and discussions A personal development plan should be worked out with a supervisor. We give then discuss my goals and the best way of achieving them. Then my support manager will go through the best person for me to shadow in my new logical argument to learn new skills and to work on skills I already have, this person will then field back to my support manager on how well I am doing or if I make more training. This would then be discussed in another meeting we have to survey what has been happening and how I am getting on in the new roleHealth Social CareMaking sure they have their fluids I set my standards very high and undertake all of my tasks for my service user to a gig standard even down to their cleaning, if standards arent set high then this can cause problems with the service user for ex ample if you dont brush their teeth one morning and forget to do it the next then their mouth would have a horrible taste and bad breath smell, this could then be called abuse and OVA (protection of venerable adults) could come into it. So it is very important for standards to be high in the work that is carried out. A way of describing how personal attitudes and beliefs that could be affected and how not to approach in this way is- If you have a service user of different religion even though yourselves dont agree with this type of religion then you shouldnt treat them any different Service user has different skin color, you should treat them as any other person with same color skin as yourself If you and a service user have had a disagreement then you should just continue doing you work as normal and treat them as you normally would.Outcome 2 Be able to reflect on own activities Reflecting on your own work and activities is good because you can see where you are or have gone wrong , you can then change this by getting more training or advice room other people and they can show you what you are doing wrong. When you have done something good for example I was in a service users home and it was time for her medication, I gave her medication and then noticed she was putting them into her bag I asked if I could see and found loads of uneaten medication I then informed her that I was disposing of this medication. It made me feel so happy by doing this as I know she couldve been planning an over dose or something. Sources of support for own learning and development could be Spend time working alongside other colleagues.Talking to colleagues and asking them questions Going to training sessions either internal or external Team meetings and discussions A personal development plan should be worked out with a supervisor. We will then discuss my goals and the best way of achieving them. Then my support manager will go through the best person for me to shadow in my new Job to learn new skills and to work on skills I already have, this person will then report back to my support manager on how well I am doing or if I need more training. This would then be discussed in another meeting we have to review what has been happening and how I am getting on in the new role

Elements of Romanticism in Wordsworth’s poem

The strong interest in nature, the humble aliveness the preference for the country e trulyplace city, and the focus on the first someones are solely features of Romantic rime found in this poem. Expostulation and Reply is written in the first person and in guileless language. The poem seems conversational in style, making it more appealing to the reader. Even though the story is contentious in wording, the tone is not angry or even serious. It is rather relaxed. This is probably due to the point that we should approach it with an open mind and without bias. This poem incorporatesWordsmiths thought that nature was the ultimate teacher. As William was pondering on a stone, Matthew asked him, Where are your books? That light bequeathed to beings else forlorn and blind. Matthew was wanting to know why he was wasting time, when he could be studying books. Matthew stressed the point that books were left by our ancestors for our learning. Matthew goes on to say, You look round on your mother earth, as if she for no purpose bore you Clearly, Matthew is misinterpreting the situation. William is looking at mother earth with a purpose to learn.He finds that you can learn better by observing nature than reading anothers thoughts on the subject. William is not accepting somebody elses word of knowledge, unless hes discovering his own knowledge. I think of William as a symbol of individual thinking (a pioneer), and Matthew as a symbol of societys restriction because he chooses to restrain his knowledge to address on paper. Next, William replies to Matthew. William dupes the point that there are things we see that we should pay close attention to because there powerfulness be some spirit trying to communicate. In this case, nature is communicating.William says, That nothing of itself will come, but we mustiness still be seeking? When nature is ready to teach us, then we better be auditory sense already. Really I think that in the poem, there is a sense that nature is constantly teaching. Its equitable that we arent hearing things. Actually, we are hearing things but choosing to ignore the words. After all, Nature did give us ears to find out with, but it is our choice not to listen. Maybe we all have choices, and its by listening to the details that we make the right choice. I also want to mention Wordsmiths other poem, The Tables Turned. Unlike this poem where one person says pick up a book to learn, the speaker says put down your book to learn. The poem says, allow Nature be your teacher. It later goes on to say, -We murder to dissect. I think that meaner that when men get left over(p) about something, we destroy its natural beauty Just to learn about it. The Tables Turned helped answer questions present by Expostulation and Reply in Wordsmiths own thoughts and views. When you add the vivid language of The Tables Turned, it ally gives a more colorful, vivid sense of nature and what it has to offer.Theres a lot of sensory percep tion described in the poem. The poem goes on to describe nature as something pure and innocent. I think thats why Matthew didnt get word Williams action he wasnt in touch with the innocence of nature anymore. Modern society has taken over and left its mark on the culture. Maybe William knew that modern life would overrun nature, and he would learn all that he could before it was gone. After all, no good thing can last forever. These poems reveal a lot about humanity, even though the subject was nature.Human will can drive us to surpass in certain aspects. When it comes to learning from the nature around us, we can see or hear something, but it is against our will to learn from it. We, as humans, are drawn to whatever distracts our attention. When it comes to a more passive distraction, we dont receipt it. If we did, wed be smarter because of it. This poem is definitely an example of Romanticism because of the humble, peaceful learning that is happening in the poem. Its very diffe rent room the way that learning is defined, even today.

Tradition & Innovation (History of Architecture)

Tradition & A Innovation ( history of architecture )Much great architecture of the yesteryear has proceeded by polishing exacting conventions without truly oppugning them. A such(prenominal)(prenominal) smaller organic structure of work has moved frontward by means of extremist plan. Use illustrations to monstrance ( among other things ) that what appears to be radicalism or preservation is non ever what it perk upms. You could follow a sequence in hotshot topographic point ( such as Brunelleshi s Florence or Pericles capital of Greece ) or run more widely pulling trial lawsuits from assorted time and topographic points.The Athenian Parthenon has captured the imaginativeness for close to dickens and half thousand old ages. Writers oftentimes speak of it as the finest architectural accomplishment of the Greeks, incarnating the clas attackal determine of harmony and restraint, composure, pose and repose, proportion and economic system ( eg Sowerby 1995, 168 ) . Howeve r, the Parthenon is simply unmatchable of legion constructions completed as portion of the alleged Periclean construction course of instruction of the 2nd half of the fifth blow BC, which scum bag be examined for the manner their designers made usage of customs duty and blueprint. Other edifices, such as the hypo stylus Periclean Odeion that owes much to non-Greek Iranian customs dutys, believably due to their province of saving and less appealing scene, have tended to be sidelined in treatments of this nature, yet be of import however. This essay will starting discuss invention and customs in the training the classic tabernacle from its beginnings to the mid-fifth century BC and so research invention and custom in the Periclean edifice course of instructionme itself, associating these to the wider context of classic synagogue architecture.For the Greeks, architecture was a term reserved for public and sacred edifices as opposed to private and domestic expressions ( Whitley 2001, 279 ) . Of these public and sacred edifices, the temple is perhaps the most well-known and mark signifier, which as well incorporated into their programme sculpture, painting and composing ( Richter 1987, 19 ) . Temples whitethornhap developed from the Mycenaean megaron, a rectangular edifice with a mainstayed porch that formed the cardinal edifice of Late Bronze progress castles ( see program in Stierlin 2001, 34 ) notwithstanding their beginning in archeozoic apsidal edifices, such as that of Lefkandi seems more assured ( see program in Johnston 1993, 25 ) . The architectural signifi stomachce of these edifices is that they open usage of the colonnade, making an outer portico more or less the cella ( the inside edifice ) and rotter thitherfore be describe as peristyle or peripteral ( of a temple ) . Presumably this exploitation occurred from the practical concern of detonating device these big edifices, which besides use an axial colonnade for support, but was retained, passing possibly the specifying feature of classical temples, surely excuse seeable in those of much later periods including the Periclean Parthenon. The bilateral roof besides guide to the creative activity of a pediment, the triangular infinite or gable wall formed by the roof above the entryway that would be utilise to border architectural sculpture. An early illustration of such a adorned pediment from the early sixth century BC is from the temple of artistic creationemis on Corfu ( Johnston 1993, 47-48 ) . It is interesting that, for whatever ground, the apse was non retained in ulterior edifices and alternatively an opisthodomos ( an unfastened room at the dorsum of the temple, sometimes used as a exchequer ) was sometimes present ( for a temple groundplan see Richter 1987, 22 ) . These alterations in layout be shown by the sequence of temples at Thermon between the 9th and late seventh centuries BC ( see program in Stierlin 2001, 42 ) . Thus the c ulture of the temple signifier was champion in which tradition and invention can be seen from the beginning.The earlier edifices were non the great marble buildings of ulterior times but were constructed of wood with thatched roofs ( Stierlin 2001, 44 ) . Over clip quaver and tile came to replace wood sometimes quite than strike harding belt down a temple and get downing from abrasion, wooden columns would be replaced in situ by rock columns in a procedure known as petrifaction ( Stierlin 2001, 46 ) . The ancient Greek tourer and condition Pausanias ( 5.16.1 ) vividly described an ancient oak pillar still in topographic point in the rock temple of Hera at Olympia. Columns of assorted diameters made up of unlike Numberss of column membranophones can still be seen at this temple, attesting to the ad hoc nature of the temples transmutation. permutation wood with rock besides led to the petrifying in rock of some of the noteworthy architectural characteristics of the wooden templ es fluted columns, triglyphs, dentils, gutae, roof building and coffering for illustration ( see Boardman 1993, 122 and Richter 1987, 25 for illustrations Stierlin 2001, 48 ) . This heterotaxy into rock keep the signifier of temples that had developed in wood but the act of petrifaction is itself sophisticated. It might be speculated that rock immortalised the temple and made it a adjustment and lasting place for the God.Before continuing to discourse tradition and invention in the Periclean edifice programme, a few words should be state about the development of the cardinal chief classic orders, the doric and bean ( see comparative illustrations in Stierlin 2001, 49-50 ) as these are cardinal to understanding the development of the Acropolis. The Doric order developed in the Grecian mainland and Greek grey Italy and Sicily and is typified by broader columns without bases, tapering towards the top, heavier entablature with jumping triglyphs and metopes, the latter(prenominal) sometimes with carven ornament ( Stierlin 2001, 52 ) . A hexastyle ( sic column ) facade was usual. The ionic order developed subsequently ( c590BC ) in Grecian Asia Minor. Columns were more sensitive, had moulded bases and were non markedly tapered. The capital had two spiral-scroll spirals and the visible radiation entablature was non broken into triglyphs/metope form, leting uninterrupted ornament. From the groundplans, bonce temples, such as that of Heraion at Samos and Artemision of Ephesus besides appear more hypostyle than peristyle, safekeeping two ( dipteral ) rows of columns instead than the Doric one and frequently with an octostyle ( eight column ) frontage ( see programs in Stierlin 2001, 105, 106 ) . The two orders have been contrasted as masculine, knee bend, unsmooth and feminine, elegant and orderly severally ( Stierlin 2001, 49 ) and at the clip of the Periclean edifice programme were still basically distinguishable regional styles ( Rhodes 1995, 54 ) .The P ericlean temple to genus Athene Parthenos, or Parthenon, was built between 447 and 438BC by the designers Iktinos and Kallikrates and the sculpturer Phidias, and formed the centrepiece of the edifice programme of the policy-making leader Pericles ( Stierlin 2001, 183 ) . This programme sought to laud Athens and in the instance of the Acropolis, to retrace the temples burned by the Persians in the early 5th century BC. It has been said to tag the downpour tide of the Doric style for the harmoniousness of its proportions, the polishs in its construction and its sculptural ornaments ( Richter 1987, 33 ) . However, in comparing to the somewhat earlier temple of Zeus at Olympia ( finished about 460BC ) , we can see that magical spell the latter is about strictly Doric in manner, the Parthenons signifier and spirit partakes munificently of the noggin ( Rhodes 1995, 74 ) . This compounding of Doric and bean can clearly be seen on a groundplan ( eg Stierlin 2001, 191 ) , which revea l an octostyle peripteral Doric portico ( 8 by 17 columns ) , instead than a Doric hexastyle, era six more slender Doric columns behind the octostyle frontages suggest a dipteral colonnade, an bean characteristic. The cella was divided into two suites, a smaller westward room, the Hall of the Virgins and the easternmostern naos that housed the statue of the genus Athene, both approached from the exterior and non connected. The Hall of the Virgins contained four Ionic columns while the naos was divided into three naves by a overlying Doric colonnade following the walls and move behind the statue, a first in temple architecture ( Rhodes 1995, 87 ) . Of class the usage of an Ionic frieze around the cella should non be overlooked.The Parthenon seems advanced in its deliberate commixture of Doric and Ionic elements ( Rhodes 1995, 146 ) . However, some of these elements that may look advanced can be found elsewhere and on much earlier temples. For illustration, the 6th century Doric peripteral temple of Artemis on Corfu had an octostyle facade and the same proportion of columns ( 8 by 17 ) as the mid-fifth century Parthenon, every office good as two rows of columns in the cella ( Lawrence1996, 77 ) . The temple of Athena at Paestum in southern Italy is a Doric hexastyle temple of around 510BC but the interior portico utilizations eight Ionic columns in an Ionic agreement ( Stierlin 2001, 74 see program in Richter 1987, 30 ) . It was besides noted that the Parthenon made usage of overlying porticoes in the naos ( see Reconstruction in Boardman 1993, 118 ) . These were besides used in the modern-day 2nd temple of Hera at Paestum ( 460-440BC ) and Stierlin suggested that in the instance of the latter they may hold been used as a deliberate archaizing component, mentioning to the temple of Aphaia on Aegina, built around 500BC ( Stierlin 2001, 79 comparison exposures in Stierlin 2001, 78 and 148 ) . In a needfully ( to suit the expansive statue of Athena ) broa d temple corresponding the Parthenon, 30.88m at the stylobate, they may hold been more practical every bit good as attractive. It can so be seen that while the Parthenon may be advanced in the context of mainland Greek temples, there are analogues in the Grecian temples of southern Italy and Sicily that provide case in points for blending Doric and Ionic characteristics ( Rhodes 1995, 198n12 ) every bit good as characteristics from Archaic temples on Corfu and Aegina. The frequently discussed architectural polish of the bend or splaying of the Parthenon was besides a handed-down Doric solutions to drainage, although in the Parthenon it succeeds in forestalling the temple from tone knee bend ( Rhodes 1995, 74 ) . The chief factor in the layout of the Parthenon was in fact the older temple that it replaced, instead than any genuinely fresh programs. The designers of the Parthenon did non work in isolation but in a cultural and lingual zone stretching from Italy to Cyprus, with ma inland Greece in the center and while the Parthenon is every bit alone(predicate) as every Grecian temple it may be said to hold incorporated traditional inventions in a traditional manner.Traveling on to see before long two other Periclean edifices on the Acropolis, the Erechtheion and the Propylaia, the Erechtheion, ceremonially the most of import edifice of the Acropolis, is a existent invention in the whizz that instead than being a canonical temple, it is fitted to the mythic and physical landscape of the Acropolis. As such, it was constructed on two degrees, though with three different roof degrees, and incorporated the cults of Athena in the east cella, and Poseidon-Erechtheus in the West cella and compass north porch ( Rhodes 1995, 131-36 ) . The Erechtheion is Ionic in its columns and friezes and provides a complement to the Parthenon with its human-shaped Karyatid columns following a deoxycytidine monophosphate yr old Ionic tradition begun by the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi ( Stierlin 2001, 208 ) . The Propylaia, or gateway to the Acropolis foreshadowed this eternal sleep once more by integrating both traditional Doric hexastyle outside combined with an upcountry Ionic colonnade. Rhodes says of its designer Mnesikles sterling(prenominal) part to the history and way of Grecian architecture was likely his slew of Doric and Ionic as equal constituents of a greater Grecian architecture ( 1995, 73 ) .It is feasible that in a sense the Parthenon is more important to its modern adorants than its builders and that there is a desire to absolve this by mention to invention. Grecian temples were built non on subjective rules of aesthetic beauty but on mathematical and spiritual rules of harmoniousness and temples that reflected a peculiar harmoniousness were successful ( Stierlin 2001, 64-74 ) . The Periclean edifice programme did non radically innovate from a dormant or dead tradition the edifices examined above surely did unite numerous elements to accomplish their alone purposes but so no two Grecian temples were of all time the same. end-to-end their 1000 plus twelvemonth history, Grecian temple edifices and their builders combined traditional elements with limited inventions that by and blown-up belonged to the temple edifice tradition guided by the rules of harmoniousness a temple should be temple, afterwards all.BibliographyBoardman, J. 1993. The Classical Period , in Boardman, J. ( ed. ) 1993.The Oxford History of Classical Art.Oxford Oxford University Press, 83-150.Johnston, A. 1993. Pre-Classical Greece , in Boardman, J. ( ed. ) 1993.The Oxford History of Classical Art.Oxford Oxford University Press, 11-82.Lawrence, A.W. and Tomlinson, R.A. 1996.Grecian Architecture.( 5Thursdayedition, Pelican History of Art ) . New Haven and capital of the United Kingdom Yale University Press.Rhodes, R.F. 1995.Architecture and Meaning on the Acropolis.Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Richter, G.M.A. 1987.A Handbook of Greek Art.( 9Thursdayedition ) . Oxford Phaidon.Sowerby, R. 1995.The Greeks.London Routledge.Stierlin, H. 2001.Greece from Mycenae to the Parthenon.Koln Taschen.Whitley, J. 2001.The Archaeology of Ancient Greece.Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Tradition & Innovation (history of architecture)Tradition & A Innovation ( history of architecture )Much great architecture of the yesteryear has proceeded by polishing rigorous conventions without truly oppugning them. A much smaller organic structure of work has moved frontward through extremist invention. Use illustrations to demo ( among other things ) that what appears to be radicalism or preservation is non ever what it seems. You could follow a sequence in one topographic point ( such as Brunelleshi s Florence or Pericles Athens ) or run more widely pulling trial instances from assorted times and topographic points.The Athenian Parthenon has captured the imaginativeness for about two and half thousand old ages. Writers frequently spea k of it as the finest architectural accomplishment of the Greeks, incarnating the classical values of harmoniousness and restraint, composure, pose and repose, proportion and economic system ( eg Sowerby 1995, 168 ) . However, the Parthenon is simply one of legion edifices completed as portion of the alleged Periclean edifice programme of the 2nd half of the 5th century BC, which can be examined for the manner their designers made usage of tradition and invention. Other edifices, such as the hypostyle Periclean Odeion that owes much to non-Greek Iranian traditions, likely due to their province of saving and less appealing scene, have tended to be sidelined in treatments of this nature, but are of import however. This essay will first discuss invention and tradition in the development the Grecian temple from its beginnings to the mid-fifth century BC and so research invention and tradition in the Periclean edifice programme itself, associating these to the wider context of Grecian te mple architecture.For the Greeks, architecture was a term reserved for public and sacred edifices as opposed to private and domestic buildings ( Whitley 2001, 279 ) . Of these public and sacred edifices, the temple is possibly the most well-known and characteristic signifier, which besides incorporated into their programme sculpture, painting and composing ( Richter 1987, 19 ) . Temples possibly developed from the Mycenaean megaron, a rectangular edifice with a columned porch that formed the cardinal edifice of Late Bronze Age castles ( see program in Stierlin 2001, 34 ) but their beginning in early apsidal edifices, such as that of Lefkandi seems more assured ( see program in Johnston 1993, 25 ) . The architectural significance of these edifices is that they make usage of the colonnade, making an outer portico around the cella ( the inside edifice ) and can therefore be described as peristyle or peripteral ( of a temple ) . Presumably this development occurred from the practical co ncern of roofing these big edifices, which besides used an axial colonnade for support, but was retained, going possibly the specifying feature of Grecian temples, surely still seeable in those of much later periods including the Periclean Parthenon. The reversible roof besides led to the creative activity of a pediment, the triangular infinite or gable formed by the roof above the entryway that would be used to border architectural sculpture. An early illustration of such a adorned pediment from the early 6th century BC is from the temple of Artemis on Corfu ( Johnston 1993, 47-48 ) . It is interesting that, for whatever ground, the apsis was non retained in ulterior edifices and alternatively an opisthodomos ( an unfastened room at the dorsum of the temple, sometimes used as a exchequer ) was sometimes present ( for a temple groundplan see Richter 1987, 22 ) . These alterations in layout are shown by the sequence of temples at Thermon between the 9th and late 7th centuries BC ( se e program in Stierlin 2001, 42 ) . Thus the development of the temple signifier was one in which tradition and invention can be seen from the beginning.The earlier edifices were non the great marble buildings of ulterior times but were constructed of wood with thatched roofs ( Stierlin 2001, 44 ) . Over clip rock and tile came to replace wood sometimes instead than strike harding down a temple and get downing from abrasion, wooden columns would be replaced in situ by rock columns in a procedure known as petrifaction ( Stierlin 2001, 46 ) . The ancient Greek tourer and author Pausanias ( 5.16.1 ) vividly described an ancient oak pillar still in topographic point in the rock temple of Hera at Olympia. Columns of assorted diameters made up of different Numberss of column membranophones can still be seen at this temple, attesting to the ad hoc nature of the temples transmutation. Replacing wood with rock besides led to the petrifying in rock of some of the noteworthy architectural char acteristics of the wooden temples fluted columns, triglyphs, dentils, gutae, roof building and coffering for illustration ( see Boardman 1993, 122 and Richter 1987, 25 for illustrations Stierlin 2001, 48 ) . This heterotaxy into rock conserved the signifier of temples that had developed in wood but the act of petrifaction is itself advanced. It might be speculated that rock immortalised the temple and made it a adjustment and lasting place for the God.Before continuing to discourse tradition and invention in the Periclean edifice programme, a few words should be said about the development of the two chief Grecian orders, the Doric and Ionic ( see comparative illustrations in Stierlin 2001, 49-50 ) as these are cardinal to understanding the development of the Acropolis. The Doric order developed in the Grecian mainland and Greek southern Italy and Sicily and is typified by broader columns without bases, tapering towards the top, heavier entablature with jumping triglyphs and metope s, the latter sometimes with carven ornament ( Stierlin 2001, 52 ) . A hexastyle ( sic column ) facade was usual. The Ionic order developed subsequently ( c590BC ) in Grecian Asia Minor. Columns were more slender, had moulded bases and were non markedly tapered. The capital had two spiral-scroll spirals and the lighter entablature was non broken into triglyphs/metope form, leting uninterrupted ornament. From the groundplans, Ionic temples, such as that of Heraion at Samos and Artemision of Ephesus besides appear more hypostyle than peristyle, holding two ( dipteral ) rows of columns instead than the Doric one and frequently with an octostyle ( eight column ) frontage ( see programs in Stierlin 2001, 105, 106 ) . The two orders have been contrasted as masculine, knee bend, unsmooth and feminine, elegant and refined severally ( Stierlin 2001, 49 ) and at the clip of the Periclean edifice programme were still basically distinguishable regional styles ( Rhodes 1995, 54 ) .The Periclean temple to Athena Parthenos, or Parthenon, was built between 447 and 438BC by the designers Iktinos and Kallikrates and the sculpturer Phidias, and formed the centerpiece of the edifice programme of the political leader Pericles ( Stierlin 2001, 183 ) . This programme sought to laud Athens and in the instance of the Acropolis, to retrace the temples burned by the Persians in the early 5th century BC. It has been said to tag the flood tide of the Doric style for the harmoniousness of its proportions, the polishs in its construction and its sculptural ornaments ( Richter 1987, 33 ) . However, in comparing to the somewhat earlier temple of Zeus at Olympia ( finished about 460BC ) , we can see that while the latter is about strictly Doric in manner, the Parthenons signifier and spirit partakes liberally of the Ionic ( Rhodes 1995, 74 ) . This combination of Doric and Ionic can clearly be seen on a groundplan ( eg Stierlin 2001, 191 ) , which reveal an octostyle peripteral Doric portico ( 8 by 17 columns ) , instead than a Doric hexastyle, while six more slender Doric columns behind the octostyle frontages suggest a dipteral colonnade, an Ionic characteristic. The cella was divided into two suites, a smaller western room, the Hall of the Virgins and the eastern naos that housed the statue of the Athena, both approached from the exterior and non connected. The Hall of the Virgins contained four Ionic columns while the naos was divided into three naves by a overlying Doric colonnade following the walls and returning behind the statue, a first in temple architecture ( Rhodes 1995, 87 ) . Of class the usage of an Ionic frieze around the cella should non be overlooked.The Parthenon seems advanced in its deliberate commixture of Doric and Ionic elements ( Rhodes 1995, 146 ) . However, some of these elements that may look advanced can be found elsewhere and on much earlier temples. For illustration, the 6th century Doric peripteral temple of Artemis on Corfu had an octosty le facade and the same proportion of columns ( 8 by 17 ) as the mid-fifth century Parthenon, every bit good as two rows of columns in the cella ( Lawrence1996, 77 ) . The temple of Athena at Paestum in southern Italy is a Doric hexastyle temple of around 510BC but the interior portico utilizations eight Ionic columns in an Ionic agreement ( Stierlin 2001, 74 see program in Richter 1987, 30 ) . It was besides noted that the Parthenon made usage of overlying porticoes in the naos ( see Reconstruction in Boardman 1993, 118 ) . These were besides used in the modern-day 2nd temple of Hera at Paestum ( 460-440BC ) and Stierlin suggested that in the instance of the latter they may hold been used as a deliberate archaizing component, mentioning to the temple of Aphaia on Aegina, built around 500BC ( Stierlin 2001, 79 comparison exposures in Stierlin 2001, 78 and 148 ) . In a needfully ( to suit the expansive statue of Athena ) broad temple like the Parthenon, 30.88m at the stylobate, they may hold been more practical every bit good as attractive. It can so be seen that while the Parthenon may be advanced in the context of mainland Greek temples, there are analogues in the Grecian temples of southern Italy and Sicily that provide case in points for blending Doric and Ionic characteristics ( Rhodes 1995, 198n12 ) every bit good as characteristics from Archaic temples on Corfu and Aegina. The frequently discussed architectural polish of the curvature or splaying of the Parthenon was besides a traditional Doric solutions to drainage, although in the Parthenon it succeeds in forestalling the temple from looking knee bend ( Rhodes 1995, 74 ) . The chief factor in the layout of the Parthenon was in fact the older temple that it replaced, instead than any genuinely fresh programs. The designers of the Parthenon did non work in isolation but in a cultural and lingual zone stretching from Italy to Cyprus, with mainland Greece in the center and while the Parthenon is every bit alone as every Grecian temple it may be said to hold incorporated traditional inventions in a traditional manner.Traveling on to see briefly two other Periclean edifices on the Acropolis, the Erechtheion and the Propylaia, the Erechtheion, ceremonially the most of import edifice of the Acropolis, is a existent invention in the sense that instead than being a canonical temple, it is fitted to the mythic and physical landscape of the Acropolis. As such, it was constructed on two degrees, though with three different roof degrees, and incorporated the cults of Athena in the east cella, and Poseidon-Erechtheus in the West cella and north porch ( Rhodes 1995, 131-36 ) . The Erechtheion is Ionic in its columns and friezes and provides a complement to the Parthenon with its human-shaped Karyatid columns following a hundred twelvemonth old Ionic tradition begun by the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi ( Stierlin 2001, 208 ) . The Propylaia, or gateway to the Acropolis foreshadowed this balance on ce more by integrating both traditional Doric hexastyle outside combined with an internal Ionic colonnade. Rhodes says of its designer Mnesikles greatest part to the history and way of Grecian architecture was likely his vision of Doric and Ionic as equal constituents of a greater Grecian architecture ( 1995, 73 ) .It is possible that in a sense the Parthenon is more important to its modern adorants than its builders and that there is a desire to warrant this by mention to invention. Grecian temples were built non on subjective rules of aesthetic beauty but on mathematical and spiritual rules of harmoniousness and temples that reflected a peculiar harmoniousness were successful ( Stierlin 2001, 64-74 ) . The Periclean edifice programme did non radically innovate from a inactive or dead tradition the edifices examined above surely did unite many elements to accomplish their alone purposes but so no two Grecian temples were of all time the same. Throughout their 1000 plus twelvemonth history, Grecian temple edifices and their builders combined traditional elements with limited inventions that by and large belonged to the temple edifice tradition guided by the rules of harmoniousness a temple should be temple, after all.BibliographyBoardman, J. 1993. The Classical Period , in Boardman, J. ( ed. ) 1993.The Oxford History of Classical Art.Oxford Oxford University Press, 83-150.Johnston, A. 1993. Pre-Classical Greece , in Boardman, J. ( ed. ) 1993.The Oxford History of Classical Art.Oxford Oxford University Press, 11-82.Lawrence, A.W. and Tomlinson, R.A. 1996.Grecian Architecture.( 5Thursdayedition, Pelican History of Art ) . New Haven and London Yale University Press.Rhodes, R.F. 1995.Architecture and Meaning on the Acropolis.Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Richter, G.M.A. 1987.A Handbook of Greek Art.( 9Thursdayedition ) . Oxford Phaidon.Sowerby, R. 1995.The Greeks.London Routledge.Stierlin, H. 2001.Greece from Mycenae to the Parthenon.Koln Taschen.Whitley, J . 2001.The Archaeology of Ancient Greece.Cambridge Cambridge University Press.