Cherokee Indians Essay Example for Free

Cherokee Indians EssayThe word Cherokee is believed to have evolved from a Choctaw word meaning Cave People. It was picked up and used by atomic number 63ans and in conclusion accepted the adopted by Cherokees in the form of Tsalagi or Jalagi. Traditionally, the people now kn testify as Cherokee refer to themselves as aniyun-wiya, a name unremarkably translated as the Real People sometimes the Original People. Cherokees have had a democratic government (Conley, Robert J. 2000).The Cherokees first experience with the invading flannel man was intimately certainly a brief encounter with the deadly expeditionary force of Spanish explorer Hernando DeSoto in 1540. English colonial traders began to appear among the Cherokees around 1673. such interactions produced some mixed marriages, usually amongst a snow-covered trader and a Cherokee woman. There were three main events during the 18th and 19th centuries war with the colonist in 1711 epidemics of European disease (primarily smallpox) and the continual cession of land in 1775.The Cherokees were forced to sign one treaty after another with the new fall in States government, each one giving away more land to the new nation. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson planned to move all eastern Indians to a location west of the Mississippi River, and signed an agreement with the state of Georgia promising to accomplish that deed as soon as possible. Andrew Jackson actually set the so-called Removal Process in motion.Meantime the government had been oing ein truththing in its power to convince Cherokees to move west voluntarily, and the first to do so were the faction known as Chickamaugans (Conley, Robert J. 2000). The history and traditions of the Cherokee Indians of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries are inextricably linked to the history and traditions of the white seconderners. Many facets of Cherokee lifestyle and other Indian tribes in the Southern unite States were modified and adapted from white meth odology. Aspects of those cultural features were rooted in Pre-Columbian traditions.The Celtic culture of people who colonized the Southern fall in States and the cultures charcterictics were the catalyst of what was arguably the most pivotal event in American History, the War Between the States. Many respected scholars have argued that the Ante-bellum south was different than the north, in its lifestyles, philosophies, and more. The southern states and their populations were undeniably different in nearly e real socioeconomic and political aspect from the northern states and their respective populations.The destinies of the white southerners and Indian were connected in many ways. They had a number of common interests, traditions, ideals and goals. Some of these similarities were chance others were due to an intimate relationship developed over centuries of close contact, a relationship created by the dynamic elements in the Cherokees new familiarity with their white neighbors and their culture (Bullard, F. B. 1989). The Cherokee adopted some practices willingly, others were forced upon them and some were already in come to the fore in some form in their traditional culture.Charles Hudson speculates in his work that the Cherokee and other tribes adopted the measures of civilization in acquiescence to the inability of the Cherokee to compete militarily with the white populous. The Cherokee and other tribes had adopted the techniques and social concepts of white civilization long before they were encouraged to do so by whites and their military intimidation. For the Indian, all white men were a threat to their traditions and cultural tenets. Use of a caste system was a part of the Cherokees social structures before contacts with whites.The white south created its own social caste system with white planters as the aristocracy and the African slave at the peon (Bullard, F. B. 1989). The colonists who settled in the south were different than their counterparts i n the North. The main heritage of the southern colonists was the Celtic in contrast to the English heritage of the colonists who settled in the north. The Celtic heritage these southerner colonists brought to North America from Europe had a profound effect on their folkways as well as influencing their Indian neighbors.Traditional Cherokee lands had incorporated ass of Kentucky, much of Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina and a small part of Virginia and what is now West Virginia. The spatial proximity was one reason for the development of an identity with the Southern colonist and their institutions and traditions (Bullard, F. B. 1989). Indian agent for the United States, George Butler, commented that he felt the majority of the material progress in the Indian Territory was a result of slavery. The age of masters measured in the statistical distribution in slaves provides evidence for the upward mobility of slavery for the Cherokee.The principal difference f rom the white south was the treatment of slaves in the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee avoided mistreatment of the slaves and Major Ridges wife Susanna would not even use the word slave. There are many indications that the Cherokee treated their slaves comparatively well, one former slave of Martin Vann, commented that they the slaves had to be feed well, change state well, and housed well to get the best labor attainable from them (Bullard, F. B. 1989). The most common agents of change among the Cherokee lifestyle were resident traders, missionaries and government agents.The Cherokee Indians modified their traditions for many reasons, among these reasons were to placate white politicians and land grabbers and reinforce the federal government policies, philanthropists who wanted to civilize them and most important of all voluntary adaptation in an effort to preserve at least some government policies (Bullard, F. B. 1989). Cherokee Indians religion It would be a mistake to see these t wo Cherokee spirit worlds as heaven and hell. They are not be as good and evil, although the one below is seen as tremendously chaotic.They are thought of simply as being opposed to one another. We live our lives between them in a constant state of precarious ratio. This dangerous situation, although the most important aspect of life in this traditional Cherokee view is to maintain balance and harmony. If the Cherokees are Christian, they might be Methodist, Presbyterian, Unitarian, or other Christian denomination. Although the more traditional Cherokees is a large group of Cherokee Baptists. Cherokee Baptists attend what are called Indian churches, where they discombobulate use of the Cherokee language (Conley, Robert, J. 2000).Cherokee Indian tribes were one of the largest of five Native American tribes who settled in American Southeast portion of the country. The tribe came from the Iroquoian descent. The Cherokees actually lived in cabins made of logs instead of the stereotyp ical tee pee. Very strong tribe with several smaller sections, all lead by chiefs. This tribe was highly unearthly and spiritual. Around the 1800s the Cherokee Indians began to adopt the culture that the white man brought to them. At this time they began to dress more European, and adopted many of their farming and building methods. In 1828 gold was discovered on the Cherokees land.This prompted the overtaking of their homes, and was forced out. They had been settled in Georgia for many years, but now they were being made to cater and find a new place to settle/live. This was the historically popular Trail of Tears, where men, women, and children had to pack up their belongings and find new homes, and marching a span of thousands of miles. Todays Cherokees have a strong sense of pride in their heritage (Indians. org 2011). A Historical person during this time Was outhouse Ross in which became principal chief of the Cherokee nation. In 1827, following the free-basement of a gover nment modeled on that of the United States.He presided over the nation during the heyday of its development in the Southeast, the tragic Trail of Tears, and the subsequent rebuilding of the nation in Indian Territory, in present day. Accompanying his people on the bob where they cried, Ross experienced personal tragedy. His wife, Quatie, died of exposure after giving her only blanket to a sick child. Once in Indian Territory, Ross led the effort to establish farms, businesses, schools, and even colleges. Even though the Cherokee Nation was torn apart politically after the fight over the removal treaty, Ross clung to reins of power (Moulton, Gary E. 004).In conclusion, Although Cherokee Indians were a very diverse tribe and had very many different talents. They were very spitural and worshiped only one spirit and that was good spirit, and eventually followed christanity. Trail of Tears was a very emotional time for all Cherokee Indians the time when they were forced out and were he re before anyone ever settled America. This time for Men, Women, and Children was a shame. My grand dad unceasingly take for granted what you have cause someone can take it away in an instant as they did to the Indians.

Hospitality Supervision And Training Skills

Hospitality Supervision And Training SkillsAfter reading the theatrical role study of the hotel one can easily find out what are the strength and weakness of the hotel. Some of the strength are that the hotel is situated in perfume of the city. The hotel is 3 star properties. Which is manly focusing on the business clients? Even though the hotel is situated at the center of the city, the hotel is struggling to maintain the profit margin. From the eventually few twelvemonths Because of the 3 new hotel which maintain the national or international standard, opened near by the hotel, that way the courthouse hotel is not able to bring up profit. The standard of food and service of courthouse hotel is relatively lower than the other hotels. The hotel capacity is 150 bed inhabits, a bar, and a carver style restaurant and a room in which marriage and business conferences are held. Some of the weakness of the hotel is, there is no banquet facility, no room service. In this way the hotel lack both(prenominal) of the newer property near by. Most of the people who are employees in the courthouse hotel are on full time or permanent contract, leaving few superior music director and dark make forers. The round of the hotel works in to shift either early or late shift. The hotel need staff only a weekend in the month due to the business executive staying there in weekend.3 month before a business tycoon bought this hotel and his planning to up grade the hotel to a four star properties, giving good function to clients. For upgrading the hotel his planning to make a a-la-carte restaurant, new banquet in the hotel, staffing should be improved. And hotel need good skills employees. The employees need a good communication skills and coordination of staff is also need.There is a opening of a new convention center is walkway distance of the hotels, there will be a trade increase of 60% which is expected so the courthouse hotel standard are to be rise. And also promptl y the hotel will be in the hands of German chancellor, so every world leader having the meeting with the German chancellor for this the hotel should improve the standard of service.2. STAFFING ISSUESThe staff should be mixture or hotel should hire new employees because the present employees or not accustomed to four star grading needs and requirements and it may be possible that staff may not like this type off behavior fro the care the hotel should appoint new staff because new people work a bit more harder than the older staff.In depicted object of the curt house hotel needs to look after on the major issues of Staffing. It will sell care by the upper counselling of the organization. Management need to looks after on the budget and the staff problems occurring in the middle, when the management planning for the next year summer objective to flip hotel from 3 star to 4star property. Its not easy profession, they need to organize the training and development programs for the employees. Management needs to hire employees from intimate and external source of recruitment. The main thing in this training and development programs the employees need to concentrate on the training so that they can put an perspiration for the future finishs and objectives. Management need to look after on the budget what they are spending on the training and development programs so that they get a better outcome for an organization.The cordial reception industry is highly, influenced by the human labour starting right from chefs, to the servers, bartenders, dishwashers, front office personnel or room attendants.(Supervision in the Hospitality Industry, by Miller, Walker Drummond pg-5) It all depends on the employees to bring in guests or loose business.Talking or so the case study The Courthouse, a 3 Star hotel has certain drawbacks issue, which the new owner would face while its up gradation. The staffing issues in the months to come, which the hotel will face are as f ollows (Case study-the Courthouse Hotel) 2.1 Unskilled Staff accord to the author, the hotel up gradation would result in the increase in the profit of the hotel as the city is opening a new convention center, in the upcoming months. The Courthouse would be allotted to the German Delegates who are very particular about the services. The hotel staff though are good experience holders but is unaware of the standards of services to be given in a 4star categorized hotel. The current staff be unskilled unaware of the techniques procedures to be followed in the Courthouse Hotel is an issue that would worry the management.2.2 diversity in the Shift Timings The employees of the hotel are not aware of the actual shift timings that is followed in any property, this is a big drawback for the hotel. The introduction to the varied shifts i.e., morning, afternoon, evening, break night shifts would create a chaos amongst the employees which expertness further lead to staff turnover. Not on ly this might the staff being used to its own ideologies might not agree to accept the new changes implemented in their working hours. Working only for one weekend out of 4 can again be a point of discussion.2.3 Improvement in the Standard With the up gradation of the star categorization of the Courthouse Hotel, the improvement in standard of the services facilities is an chief(prenominal) issue in regards to the up-market of 3-star categorized hotel to 4-star standard. The hotel needs to set up certain Standard Operating Principles about which the staff needs to be trained properly. From the case study the author has already mentioned about the maximum percentage of staff being permanent, hence they rich person been following their own ways of performing their job they may not encourage new changes in their work culture methods.2.4 Sacking of Employees According to the case study, maximum staff is employed on a fulltime basis in permanent contract, which suggest that most of the employees are experienced in this bunk the sacking of such staff members would be absurd. In the compass point of up gradation of the star- categorization of the property sacking of experienced employees hiring of new employees would increase the financial burden on the management, as the new skilled would be required to be paid more.3 PLAN OF ACTIONThe new hotel owner should go through the following plans in practice to get the targeted goal of the organization.Customer services / satisfactionTraining given to staffLeadership qualityInter person-to-person skills of staff3.1 CUSTOMER SERVICES/SATISFACTION- craft comprises of a sole meaning of how lots effort and the measure the company has to make in order to meet the demands of the customer. It is considered to be as one of the key accomplishment indicator within the business. In todays competition intensive market customer satisfaction plays a vital role in providing information about how much effort is being put and how m uch more is required, that is the sole big reason why it is becoming an increasingly important factor in Business strategy making.This factor is considered to be an abstract concept because the level of satisfaction varies from person to person and amongst product and services. It also puts a psychological forcefulness on the process and this makes a link with satisfaction behaviors such as return and proposed rates and expectations. A customer has its own factors on which it decides upon which to choose and which not to chouse he can compare the other product with the company product.Customer satisfaction usually is measured with a set of survey measures records by using a scale or Likert technique. Customer is invited to evaluate individually and every statements in terms of their own observation and expectations from the use of that product being measured.LEADERSHIP QUALITY-Transformational leaders always make a strong vision amongst the employees and set examples of a good ju dgment of mission and strong hospitality organization. Transformational leadership has always been of a vital importance in todays hard fought customer market of hotels where flexibility, determination, willingness to change and modernize are key factors of an organizational success.The work, which is before done on leadership, has extracted distinction, transactional and transformational leadership. (Burns, 1978)STAFF TRAINING-This is an important tool in succession planning, it is used to find suitable individuals for hiring and promotions. It can also be delimit as a formal tool in which plans are developed to ensure that replacements can be successfully and gladly be filled with in effect(p) individuals. Succession planning helps continue the pursuit of strategic goals an missions in a relatively competitive way so as to be there in the market place and compete with the rival companies at par. This is always maintained by the training and development staff.3.4 INTERPERSONAL S KILL OF STAFF-the employees should trytalk to the peoplethis is the interpersonal skill of a employees. Interpersonal skill can be told as the way of communication in a better way, to meet that standard. Communication helps to reduce theclashes between the employees and the managers in this way the motive can be achived. The person who is having good interpersonal skills can handle difficult situtation in a better way.4 CHANGE MANAGEMENTChange can be negative or positive in any organization in courthouse hotel staff can it as in a positive way or can put it in a negative way. The mindset of the staff can make them to drive for change or also it can be possible if they like the change they can also welcome it and adopt it as new measure to development. The reason for the turn awayance can be as follows.Freedom- there might be thinking amongst the staff whether they will be under a boss who can resist their freedom to work.Responsibility their responsibility can be divided betwee n the new staff. And their task can be reduced.Authority their posture can be lost and power can be shared between othersWork condition there work condition can be changed and they have to work under different condition which can further demotivated their moral.Status their responsibility can be reduced. As the management will be hiring more staff so this will be a thread for others staff whether their job title will be same or they have to change. It can be above the level or below the level.There is also a reason amongst other the staffs what the matter with the way the things are straight? typically any change in courthouse hotel can be beneficial and management will not face much problems while implicating these changes. Resistance to change can also make staff to go against the management. Management also will have to look the staff members who are welcoming the change and how to hold them by motivation.If the existing staff is resisting to change this amplifies that they dont have knowledge and trust on the organization and also may be because of lack of understanding about the change. If the staffs doesnt understand the reason for change they makes a distrust over the organization. This distrust can also make others positive staff to go behind the distrust.With the change of standards in courthouse hotel the technology will be upgrading and this will be a main concern between the staffs how to match the standards. A very difficult situation will be there between the staffs is they fail to grab the standards. And this creates a resistance amongst the staffs.Three 3 key elements of Kirkpatricks model for change management.4.1 Empathy- (Kirkpatrick, 2001), According to Kirkpatrick manager should put himself in the place of employee, which is, best way to realize the employees feeling. Managers should also refer to the doubts of the employees that they might have in their minds so that they might not resist the change process. . There are some steps b y which a manager can know about the employees, first step is looking personal files, second step is asking questions from the employee and the next and last step is listening and observing. According to Robert Bacall empathy is walking in other person shoes. Thus by implying empathy in the courthouse hotel the managers should get to know the problems of the individual employees.4.2 Communication- Robert Bacall states that communication is a 2 way method and in this method the hotel management has to communicate the desired wants and new management policies to the hotel staff. In communication after giving instructions the management has to even look for the feedback from the employees. So that the barriers for communication can be over ridden.4.3 Participation- (Coch et al, 1948), states that participation is the major step. Participation is the change tends to reduce resistance build on the change and motive people to make the change to work. Kirkpatrick, (2007), states that Parti cipation is technique for use in conducting instructional meetings. The participation has its two basic approached first one is which one is most common form is to have discussion among the participation without any falter and leaders gives questions and problems to entire group. Employers answer it to the leader. Second approach is that group is divided into buzz group of 4 or 5 people so that each employee can participate actively. Thus it is suggested that by implying participation the employs tend to feel better and favour the change rather than resisting it.CONCLUSION After reading the unanimous study of the courthouse hotel. We get to know the hotel is facing loss in the business through this we get to what are the staffing issues in the hotel. The hotel employees may to react to the change in a favorable point of view. Because they may not like the change due to lack of coronation between the employees. If the employees and the managers are not coordinating in proper way An organization cannot be run in a good way. If the worker are not skilled enough to do there job. Then there will be issues in the organization. Change management can manage staffing issues.In the case study element of change management shows how the empathy, participation, and communication may help in handling the changes in a proper way.The hotels new owner is transforming the hotel to a four star property. and he is attempt to make changes in the hotel which favorable for both the organization and the employees working there. If the organization follow the element of the change management goals can be achieved in a much easer way working with the employees and manager.

The Relationship between Science and Technology

The Relationship amongst Science and TechnologyThe word apprehension comes from the Latin scientia, meaning familiarity.How do we coiffure intelligence? According to Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is noesis attained through study or practice, or knowledge covering frequent truths of the operation of superior general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical world.What does that re altogethery mean? Science refers to a system of getting knowledge. This system physical exertions observation and experimentation to describe and explain inborn phenomena. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have arrive ated use that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it.What is the purpose of science? Perhaps the most general description is that the purpose of science is to produce useful models of re ality.Most scientific investigations use some form of thescientific method. You puke find out more(prenominal) about the scientific methodhere.Science as defined above is sometimes called pure science to disparateiate it from applied science, which is the application of research to merciful needs. Fields of science are commonly classified along deuce major lines Natural sciences, the study of the earthy world, and Social sciences, the systematic study of homosexual behavior and indian lodge.Due to the nature of contemporary society, the relationship between the field of battles of science and engineering science has never been stronger. Science and applied science have different purposes, ways of exhibit and knowing the world, and thus their relationship is often tense and complex. However, they serve to inform and extend for each sensation other in two intended and unexpected ways. student learning in science and technology sewer be enhanced through their mutual stu dy. By understanding the differences and relationship between these two domains, students in reproductional settings will gain an appreciation of the nature of each at a more philosophical level. This is important to the education of a both scientific and expert literacy that will allow for informed citizenship.Technologyis the usage and knowledge oftools, techniques,crafts,systemsor methods of organization in order to solve a problem or create an artistic perspective. The wordtechnologycomes from theGreektechnologa() tchn(), an art, skill or craft and-loga(-), the study of something, or the branch of knowledge of a discipline.1The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas lessons let inconstruction technology,medical technology, nurture technology, orhigh technology.Technologies significantly shine human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species use of technology began with the conversion of na tural resources into simple tools. Theprehistoricaldiscovery of the ability to controlfireincreased the available sources of food and the invention of thewheelhelped valet de chambre in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including theprinting press, thetelephone, and theInternet, have lessened physical barriers tocommunicationand allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes the development ofweaponsof ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, fromclubstonuclear weapons.Technology has affectedsocietyand its surroundings in a payoff of ways. In some(prenominal) societies, technology has helped develop more advancedeconomies(including todaysglobal economy) and has allowed the rise of aleisureclass. Many technological motiones produce unwanted by-products, know aspollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of theEarthand i tsenvironment. Various implementations of technology influence thevaluesof a society and new technology often raises new honorable oppugns. Examples include the rise of the notion ofefficiencyin terms of human productivity, a term authorally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.philosophical debates have arisen over the present and coming(prenominal) use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves thehuman conditionor worsens it.Neo-Luddism,anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, opining that it harms the environment and alienates people proponents of ideologies such astranshumanismandtechno-progressivismview continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that otherprima tesand sealeddolphincommunities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations.IntroductionDue to the nature of contemporary society, the relationship between the domains of science and technology has never been stronger. Both domains are recognised as key forms of human activity, and stand alongside the arts and social sciences as fundamental to human achievement and expression. Essential to recognising the strength of the relationship between science and technology, is the acknowledgement that neither holds a subservient position. Rather, science and technology work together for the mutual benefit and/or growth of each domain in both intended and unexpected ways.In order to understand the complexity of the relationship between science and technology, it is first important to establish how the two domains differ, particularly given it is these differences that provide the strength of their current alliance. The differentiation between science and technology can be characterised by three key factorsthe domains burden business (its purpose)its view of what exists in the world (its ontological stance) andhow it defines and validates knowledge (its epistemology).The following provides an overview of how these factors are articulated deep down current understandings of science and technology.Science a picture overviewThe overriding purpose of science is to explain the natural world through iterative intellectual and investigative practices that involve observations and controlled manipulations of that world. In support of this, science can be most comfortably argued today in terms of a critical realist stance. This reflects a view that things exist in the world and are as they are (Lopez and Potter, 2001). As such, the role of scientists is to interrogate the real things of the natural world in order to construct explanations of them. In keeping with the view of science as a human activity, resulting explanatory texts ar e embedded in the sociocultural world and as such will be human-mediated representations of the real things. Scientific knowledge therefore, is that which has real things as its referent. For new knowledge to be validated within the domain of science, this knowledge must adhere to logical reasoning and be internally coherent within the dominant paradigm. Alternatively, it must provide a substantiated challenge to the paradigm, while still operating within the tolerance levels of the wider domain. It must withstand confederate review in order to be represented as a truth. Truth therefore, is not viewed as an absolute within science. Rather scientific truths are, in keeping with pragmatic theory, that knowledge that gains the consensus of experts within the domain. In contrast to traditional views of the existence of a scientific method, contemporary views of scientific methodologies include an understanding of their variety and flexibility to meet the task at hand. Therefore, inves tigate methods employed both between, and often within, different subsets of science can differ markedly.Technology a brief overviewThe purpose of technology is to intervene in the world to produce something other to that which currently exists. It achieves this through iterative intellectual and design- anchord practices that involve multiple sources of input. These input sources include a mixture of that defined as natural, material, simulated, conceptual, emotional, and imagined. Technologists also draw from the past, current and a range of possible and probable futures. The stance that has been argued as best back up an understanding of the domain of technology, is that of aprocess ontology. This stance challenges the critical realist notion that things exist as such, and instead argues that processes are what exist, and it is our interaction in process which allows the opportunity to categorise, and thus objectify, things as such (Neuman, 2003). Therefore, from such a techno logical viewpoint, we are both creators of the material world of technology in clear and tangible ways, and also symbolic creators of the natural world. Technological knowledge does not attempt to make claims to truth in the same way as scientific knowledge does. Instead it has as its referent, the process of function. What validates technological knowledge therefore is success not truth. However, like science, the success of technological knowledge is determined within technological practice by experts within the domain of technology. Technological practices are situation specific, and therefore are as diverse and varied as the contexts and people involved in the endeavour.How do they subsume?Scientific knowledge and methodologies themselves provide a major source of input into the development of technological practices and outcomes. They are also key tools in the establishment of explanations of wherefore technological interventions were, or were not, successful. In short, scien ce can provide powerful explanations for the why and why not behind technological intervention. However, as these interventions rely on more than an understanding of the natural world, they can only provide partial justification for technological practices and outcomes.Technological practices, knowledge and outcomes can provide mechanisms for science to gain a better view of its defined world, and in fact can provide serious challenges to the defining of that world. For example, the development of the technological artefacts that extend the observation capabilities of humans (such as the telescope and microscope), made visible and available new worlds for science to interrogate and explain.The Relationship Between Science and TechnologyScience, technology and innovation each represent a successively larger category of activities which are highly interdependent but distinct. Science contributes to technology in at least sise ways(1)new knowledge which serves as a direct source of id eas for new technological possibilities(2) source of tools and techniques for more efficient engineering design and a knowledge base for evaluation of feasibility of designs(3) research instrumentation, laboratory techniques and analytical methods used in research that unconstipatedtually find their way into design or industrial practices, often through intermediate disciplines(4) practice of research as a source for development and assimilation of new human skills and capabilities eventually useful for technology(5) creation of a knowledge base that becomes increasingly important in the assessment of technology in terms of its wider social and environmental impacts(6) knowledge base that enables more efficient strategies of applied research, development, and refinement of new technologies.Middle school students struggle with differentiating between science and technology. Engineers, architects, and others who engage in design and technologyuse scientific knowledge to solve practic al problems. They also usually have to take human values and limitations into account.This quote comes from Benchmarks, a publication of the American connexion for the Advancement of Science and an inspiration for theNational Science Education Standards(NSES). TheNSESHYPERLINK http//www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/6d.htmlstScience and Technology standardhas two parts abilities of technological design and understandings about science and technology. The following resources will help students understand the relationship between science and technology and the differences between the two.Technology and the EnvironmentIn this publication, teachers will find resources they can use when building or freshening a unit about the environment. Units about technology and the environment provide excellent opportunities for teachers of technology, science, and mathematics to collaborate. Students to assess the risks and benefits of individual and industrial uses of technology.The converse impa ct of technology on science is of at least equal importance(1)through providing a fertile source of novel scientific questions and thereby also helping to justify the allocation of resources needed to address these questions in an efficient and timely manner, extending the agenda of science(2) as a source of differently unavailable instrumentation and techniques needed to address novel and more difficult scientific questions more efficiently.Specific examples of each of these two-way interactions are discussed. Because of galore(postnominal) indirect as well as direct connections between science and technology, the research portfolio of potential social benefit is much broader and more diverse than would be suggested by looking only at the direct connections between science and technology.Science and technology is the best thing society could ever ask for. Since the industrial renewing in the 18th century science has been in progress. Some sectors that have been boosted by scien ce and technology are energy, physical sciences, information and communication. The society has greatly gained with the invention of technology.Infrastructure in the society has grown with the help of science and technology. Modes of transport like electronic railway lines were realized and these actually benefited the society by offering them a better means of transport. In the past, almost everything was analog but thanks to the science and technology we are now being digitalized by the day. The invention of the telephone and radio services has broadened human communication.Without society then there would be no science and technology and that is why the invention of certain tools and equipment have helped achieve big things. Society can not do without the industries we have today. The society needs science and technology. The creation of computers is work of art by individuals was a milestone that would come a long way in helping the society. A computer helps us to leverage ourse lves by gaining valuable information that we can use to enrich our lives. The impact of science and technology can seriously be recognized. Many people around the world take for example scholars in colleges and universities have taken the lead examining the relationship between science and technology.The evaluation of this relationship has emerged as an important area of research. Public interest groups and pedantic organizations throughout the world are recognizing the importance of STS. The reason is that people need to recognize that there are people who are affected by the science and technology. Controversies such as modified foods, stem cell research are the issues that have brought policy makers and scientists together to have a way forward on this.Science and technology has actually largely contributed to the vision of man about himself. Science has been modified the opinion about the origin of man and place of origin too. Through the results of scientific discoveries the p erception of man about his behavior and his place of origin has been modified diversly. Experiments in science today are in one way or another affecting the society.Take for example the experiment on cloning a human being. The experiment brought a lot of controversy since the society was skeptical about it.How is science and technology related to society The developing world has a long tradition of participatory action research, popular education and community organization joining up to solve some science and technology issues that affect the society. How is science and technology related to the society is something that is calling even for the government intervention. Science and technology related issues are actually been discussed worldwide today. Progress in this has resulted to the ability to produce diverse types of material items. Answering the question how science and technology is related to society.Implications for Education in New ZealandFrom the above, it can be seen tha t science and technology have a fundamentally different purpose, and different ways of viewing and knowing the world. Just as science and technology work in mutually beneficial ways in the wider contexts of scientific and technological endeavours, within the context of education, their relationship can be profitably explored to enhance learning in both areas.Scientific knowledge and methodologies are useful, and in many cases critical, to students successful undertaking of technological practice and in the development of technological knowledge. Technological knowledge, practices and outcomes in turn can provide useful, and again in many cases critical, tools (both conceptual and material) for scientific practice and the development of scientific knowledge. Technological practices and outcomes can also provide authentic contexts which enable students to develop deeper more meaningful understandings of scientific knowledge and methodologies.However, perhaps even more significantly, e xploration of the nature of both science and technology can provide fertile grounds for developing deeper understandings of both through reflecting on the differences between these key areas of being human. The converging boundaries between that perceived as the made and the natural world, the real and simulated, the currently impossible and future probable, all demand students develop such relational cross domain knowledge, in combination with in-depth understandings within both science and technology. This in turn allows for the development of a critical frame essential to the development of scientific and technological literacy that supports students towards informed citizenship.

The shear strength of soils

The shear strength of flawsIntroductionThe shear strength of soils is essential for any kind of stability analysis. Therefore, it is important to determine reliable values. For this mapping triaxial examens argon most appropriate. Nevertheless, direct shear tests are mostly performed to determine the shear strength of soils.From the tests result a clearer picture of the soil strata, there exit be run Shear hear where the data laughingstock be interpreted and correlated info soil parameters. The soil parameters will be intentional accordingly to the characteristic of the soil at the site itself. This causa study is about evaluating contamination for the specific site. It involves the interpretation and manipulation of data from the Shear test and chemical tests. The whole process will be determination of contamination and measure its effect on the soil and then propose some cure practices and methods.Part (1) brands ContaminantsSoils are categorized according to the contami nants present (type and amount)Soils that ascertain contaminants below regulatory concernSoils that contain high- encounter xeroxNon-hazardous1. HazardousSoil that contains hazardous waste moldiness be managed as such when contamination is above the nonhazardous waste limits or is otherwise classified a hazardous waste. The only options for soils that contain a hazardous waste are on-site remedy or off-site management as a hazardous waste.2. Non-HazardousContaminated soil is non-hazardous when two of the arriveing criteria are meta. The contaminant levels are above the most stringent soil cleanup criteria establish by NJDEP.b. The waste is not classified as a hazardous waste.3. Soils That Contain Contaminants Below Regulatory ConcernSoils that contain contaminants at levels that are below the most stringent site cleanup levels established by NJDEP for a specific site are not of regulatory concern with the exception of sites in the Pinelands Area Brownfield sites come in all sizes and shapesThe Brownfield police created four different cleanup tracks. Cleanup levels at these tracks are based, in whole or in part, upon the sites future anticipated use. A site to be used for industrial purposes, for instance, would not devour to be cleaned up as much as a site intended for commercial use. (See Appendix A for a description of each of the tracks).Clesn UpSite cleanups can be conducted by federal, state, or local government agencies and/or their contractors, by private parties accountable for the discharge of the hazardous substances, or by purchasers of land who did not cause the contamination but are willing to pay for and conduct the cleanup. Private parties can be directed by DEP to conduct cleanups or individuals can come to the department voluntarily and offer to do part of or all of a cleanup.Cleanups can be conducted to allow for any future use of the land from residences, schools, and day care centers to commercial buildings, or new industrial use s. Cleanups can excessively be conducted to turn formerly contaminated sites into parkland for passive and/or active recreation. The level of cleanup required to protect human beings health and the environment is determined by the end use envisi matchlessd for the property. Obviously, cleanup to more stringent standards is required when people will be living on the property, or when sensitive populations such as children will be using the property for schools or recreation. Protectiveness can be obtained by either totally removing the contaminants of concern, or by embraceing them, or by limiting access to the substances by creating barriers to contact, such as with soil or other types of capping material.Certain cleanups can be conducted at risk by private individuals, with little oversight by the state. However, cleanups involving ground and surface waters must be conducted with DEPs oversight because the state is the trustee for those natural resources. more or less parties conducting therapeutic will come to DEP for oversight if they desire a No Further Action (NFA) letter at the end of the process. That letter certifies that the states regulations get under ones skin been met as of a specific date, as described specifically in the letter. With the NFA comes a Covenant Not to Sue, which defines those parties who are no longer liable to conduct superfluous cleanup at the site.Part (2) Direct Shear TestA. Shear StrengthIn the Mohr-Coulomb theory of failure, shear strength has two componentsone for intact strength due to bonds or attractive forces between particles,the other produced by frictional resistance to shearing movement The shear strength of cohesivenessless soils is limited to the frictional component.When the direct shear test is used to investigate a cohesionless soil, successivetests with increasing normal stress will establish a straight reap that passes through the origin. The travel of inclination of the line with respect to the hor izontal axis is the angle of internal friction.Values of the angle of internal friction are attached in the following table. If the soil is dense when tested, initially higher values for the angle of internal friction will be measured, but with increasing amounts of strain, the angle will decline to the approximate ranges seen in the Table.SOIL TYPEANGLE , DEGREESSand and gravel mixture33 36Well-graded sand32 35Fine to medium sand29 32Silty sand27 32Silt (non-plastic)26 30The shear strength of a cohesive soil is more complicated than a cohesionless material. The differences are due to the role of pore water in a cohesive soil. Most cohesive soils in field conditions are at or near saturation because of their tendency to switch moisture and their low permeability.When load is applied to a soil of this type, the load is supported by an increase inthe pore-water pressure until pore-water can drain into regions of lower pressure.At that point, soil particles are forced closer in concert and the strength increases,just like a cohesionless soil. Time is an important factor however, because it takes longer for water to move out of a low permeability material.Direct Shear TestResults of the direct shear tests should be evaluated statistically. The statistical assessment in the shear shock test includes the values of friction angle () and cohesion (c), derived from the Mohr-Coulomb regression line, and the (original) measured values of peak shear strength. In previous publications only the derived parameters and c were taken into account. As the most important result the investigations have shown that it devotes a remarkable difference whether the pair of variables and c or peak shear strength is considered.http//www.csus.edu/indiv/c/cornwell/engineering/9-20-06.pdfDirect Shear Box Test Procedure1. Bring the shear box togetherhttp//www.civil.mrt.ac.lk/docs/direct_shear_test2. Compact the soil sample (which has reached the optimum moisture content) in the mo uld.3. Place the sample into the shear box4. Record the weight of the applied load and place the loading plate on top of the upper porous platehttp//www.civil.mrt.ac.lk/docs/direct_shear_test5. Remove the alignment screws to hold the shear box together.6. Tighten the diagonally opposite screws to reduce the frictional force.7. Reset the dial gauges.7. Apply the normal load.8. Start the motor to produce the desire constant rate of shearing9. Take readings from the gauges,a) Proving ring.b) Horizontal displacement.c) Vertical displacement.10. When the shear load starts to reduce or remains constant stop the testhttp//www.civil.mrt.ac.lk/docs/direct_shear_testA. selective informationProving ringHorizontal(0.001 in)VerticalTime09.000.00000059.110.000030159.120.00010015.59.260.00013018.59.380.000200209.630.000300229.870.0004002310.120.0005002410.360.0006002310.620.0007002410.870.0008002611.120.0009002511.370.0010002611.620.0011002711.870.0012002712.120.00130027.512.370.0014002812.620.00 15002812.870.0016002913.110.0017002813.370.0018003113.620.00190029.513.870.002000ResultsShear stress KpaHorizontal(0.001 in)Time0.0009.0000000.9519.1100302.8629.1201002.9509.2601303.5289.3802003.8129.6303004.1949.8704004.38110.1205004.57710.3606004.38110.6207004.57710.8708004.95911.1209004.76311.3710004.95911.6211005.14511.8712005.14512.1213005.24312.3714005.33112.6215005.33112.8716005.52713.1117005.33113.3718005.52713.6219005.62513.872000FAILUER = 5.527 kpa.Part (3) Contamination AssessmentPH MeasurementsPH measurements were measured against toxic shock syndrome results, While no apparent correlation was found between pH and salinity samples presenting higher pH generally had higher TSS concentrations, as indicated in the figure below. The addition of cement (and its effect on turbidity) appears to have had a noticeable effect on pH.In addition to the various testing that was performed as part of this study, two additional studies beyond the original scope were conducted(a) an eva luation of the effect that organic content found within silt alluviations would have on soil-cement hydration and strength gain, and(b) an assessment of whether the cement stabilization/ straightforwardification of contaminated depositions immobilizes organic and inorganic contaminants within the sediment.Part (4) Remediation. Chemical Fixation And SolidificationTaking into devotion to select the best fit remediation method and conserve ecosystem and trying not to undergo major landscape disruption.One alternative to dredging and disposing of contaminated sediment is to solidify the sediment in-situ using CDSM, and cover the stabilized sediment with a cap. In this scenario, the mixing is a viable way to reduce the say-so for highly contaminated sediments to be eroded over term by natural hydrologic events, vessel traffic or dredging.In situations where decisions regarding removal of sediment have not yet been made or if management alternatives (decontamination) are not yet full y developed, the CDSM technology can be used to stabilize sediment for later removal.Chemical fixation and Solidification, CFS, also commonly referred to as Solidification/Stabilization Treatment, S/S, is a widely used treatment for the management of a broad range of wastes, especially those classified as hazardous. The initial application of the technology in the United States dates back to the 1950s when it was fruitfully used to treat and dispose of radioactive waste.The USEPA considers S/S an established treatment technology, and has identified it as the best demonstrated available technology, BDAT, for 57 RCRA-listed wastes. It is anticipated that 30% of the CERCLA (Superfund) remediation sites include the use of S/S.There is an ample body of technical literature that documents the fundamentals for applying S/S, as well as the practical companionship using the technology in a wide variety of wastes, contaminants and chemical matrices. The applicability of using S/S to immobili ze the principal contaminants in the Passaic River sediments was evaluated.The following sections briefly summarize those findings.There are several additives mentioned in the literature as potential enhancers of the PCB immobilization. These depend on the particular conditions of the application1. Organically limited clays2. Activated carbon3. Ferric hydroxide4. Rubber particulateA well-documented case where S/S was used for the immobilization of PCBs in contaminated soils is provided in the Yellow Water Road Dump in Duval County, Florida. Where In that case, a superfund site that started remedial action in 1984 was removed from the NPL in 1999. During the remedial activities, 4472 blockish yards of PCB contaminated soils were excavated and treated with S/S and placed back within the former operations area of the site.A groundwater monitoring program was established, and monitoring well were installed to evaluate the future need for contingent pump-and-treat remedy. The site was m onitored as part of the EPA five-year review program. In September 2000, the five-year-review report established that the selected remedy remained protective of human health and the environment. Site inspections and groundwater monitoring continue to ensure long-term protectiveness.Out-Of-State RecyclingFor recycling soils out-of-state, a written determination from NJDEP is required as to the non-applicability of the solid waste management regulations set forth in N.J.A.C. 726-1 et seq. For sites without a Site Remediation Program lead (i.e., Industrial Site Recovery Act, Bureau of resistance Storage Tanks, Bureau of Field Operations) and for the recycling of soil as a solid process waste, contact the Bureau of Resource Recovery and Technical Programs (609/984-6985).Sites with a Site Remediation Program lead must send this information in lieu of a Soil Reuse Proposal to the assigned case manager for an approval. The following are the standard requirements pursuant to (N.J.A.C. 726-1 ) for approval to send soils out-of-statea. A letter, sent to the Bureau of Resource Recovery and Technical Programs from the writer of soil, certifying that the soil in question has been analyzed or is known in accordance with N.J.A.C. 726G-5.1 not to contain a hazardous waste. This also must include any necessary test results documenting that the soil contains constituents and hazardous waste characteristics below their regulatory levels.b. A letter sent to the Solid and Hazardous dash off Division from the receiving a facility stating that they agree to accept the specified amount of soil, indicating intention and method to beneficially use or reuse the soil and the succession frame for such activity from the date of receipt at the facility.In addition, a repeat of this information must be sent directly to the solid waste coordinator of the county of the soils origin.c. A letter sent to the Solid and Hazardous go down on Division from the proper regulatory agency of the rece iving state or a copy of a current facility permit verifying that facility is operating in accordance with applicable rules and regulations and can accept the soils for the declared use/reuse.d. at one time the soil is delivered to the identified use/reuse facility, a letter from the facility or a bill of lading stating the date and amount of soil current must be sent to Solid and Hazardous Waste Division and the solid waste coordinator of the county of the soils origin.Operational Landfill CoverOperating landfills that are permitted to accept ID 27 waste may use non-hazardous soil for daily landfill cover with approval from the Bureau of Landfill and Recycling Management. Fine grained soils which may create erosion problems or are easily windblown are prohibited for use as daily cover.Brownfield sites are found in both urban and rural settings and the present challenges that make the cleanup and redevelopment of these sites unique as compared with other real estate projects.Brown field sites deal with four key issues, includingEnvironmental Liability Developers, land owners, and prospective associated with the propertys floor can be prosperingly addressed.Financial Barriers Private financial institutions or investors may be reluctant to provide loans for sites impacted by real or perceived environmental contamination.Cleanup Activities Redeveloping a brownfield site may take longer than that of a typical real estate development if remediation is warranted. practicable Reuse A viable plan for putting the site back into productive use based upon the localitys goals and well researched information are critical to successful redevelopment.Despite these challenges significant opportunities exist for brownfield redevelopment which can economically revitalize an area and improve the quality of life for communities.Brownfield redevelopment is also an ideal time to integrate a number of sustainability features that can result in improved storm water management, reduced air emissions and energy consumption, and preserve the history and civilisation of our communities.The purpose of this guide is to provide a starting point for information about brownfield redevelopment planning, regulatory considerations and resources available from the federal Environmental Protection situation (EPA) and the Iowa Departments of Economic Development and Natural Resources.6. References1- NJDEP. Discussion Paper on Landfill Closure and Remediation Issues.(1993).2- Environmental Protection Agency. Handbook for Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites.3- Bujang B.K. Huat et al., (2007) Modified shear box test apparatus for measuring shear strength of unsaturated residual soil , Faisal Hj. Ali, S.Hashim , Thomson Gale (December 27, 2007)4- Marcel van der Perk, (2009), Soil and Water Contamination From Molecular to Catchment Scale, TF Books UK 1 edition (January 28, 2009)Appendix ADescription Of The Brownfield Cleanup footstepsThe statute establishes four diff erent tracks that a developer can follow in remediating a site. low address 1, a remedial program shall achieve a cleanup level that will allow the site to be used for any purpose without restriction and without reliance on the long-term concern of institutional or engineering controls. ECL 27-1415(4). With respect to soil remediation, the statute directs that Track 1 cleanups shall achieve the generic SCOs designed to allow for unrestricted future use of the property. Id. A developer who remediates a site to Track 1 standards receives a greater tax credit than is available for remediation under the other three tracks.Under Track 2, a remedial program may include restrictions on the use of the site or reliance on the long-term employment of engineering and/or institutional controls. ECL 27-1415(4). With respect to soil remediation, however, the statute directs that a Track 2 cleanup shall achieve the generic SCOs appropriate for the future use of the property without the use of in stitutional or engineering controls to reach such objectives. Id.Under Track 3, the developer does not need to achieve the generic SCOs, but instead may use site specific data to determine soil remediation objectives. ECL 27- 1415(4). Those sitespecific objectives must conform with the criteria used to develop the generic SCOs. Id. Like the generic SCOs, soil remediation objectives developed by the applicant pursuant to Track 3 shall not exceed an excess cancer risk of one in one million for carcinogenic end points and a hazard index of one for non-cancer end points, except where rural soil background contamination exceeds that risk level. ECL 27-1415(6)(b).A Track 4 remedial program shall achieve a cleanup level that will be protective for the sites current, intended or reasonably anticipated residential, commercial, or industrial use with restrictions and with reliance on the long-term employment of institutional or engineering controls to achieve such level. ECL 27-1415(4). The s tatute instructs that for Track 4, exposed surface soils shall not exceed the generic contaminant-specific SCOs developed for unrestricted, commercial, or industrial use pursuant to this subdivision which conforms with the sites current intended, or reasonably anticipated future use. ECL 27-1415(6)(d). The statute defines exposed surface soils as two feet for sites used for residential use and one foot for

The Cuban Revolution Essays -- essays research papers

The Cuban RevolutionMr. BarronJason RosenzweigJanuary 9, 1997After the Cuban Revolution many change occurred in Cuba. Cuba was once acorrupt dictatorship, now and for the gone 36 years Castro has led a communistgovernment.Before Castro took over Batista, Batista ran a biossed economy for therich. Officials took pay offs, keeping the majority of the peoples thoughtsinvisible. Protestors of Batista were murdered, and their bodys were thrown ingutters. During these times the life for the rich was plentiful, they had moreCadillacs than any other city in the world, and the highest number of T.V. setsper capita out of all the Latin American countries . Many gambling casinos were likewise present. While life for the poor was plagued with unemployment, inadequatehealth care, and a high illiteracy rate.Castros take over of the government, changed many ways of life in Cuba, near of which benefited the poor or the majority of the people. Education wasimproved for the poor, there are many tim es more schools and staff members toeducate the young. Health care was improved, babe mortality rate has droppedfrom 60 to 11.1 which is comparable to industrialized nations.&...

Comparing the AIDS Epidemic and The Plague :: Compare Contrast Disease Health Essays

Comparing the AIDS Epidemic and The PlagueThe destruction and devastation caused by the Black Death of the Middle Ages was a phenomenon left to wonder at in text books of historical atomic number 63. An unstoppable evoke swept the continent taking as much as eighty percent of the European population along with it (Forsyth). Today the world is plagued with a similar deadly disease. The AIDS epidemic continues to be incurable. In an essay written by David Herlihy, entitled Bubonic Plague diachronic Epidemiology and the Medical Problems, the historic bubonic plague is compared withthe current AIDS epidemic of today. According to his research, AIDS will probably prove to be the plague of the millennium (Herlihy p. 18). If one compares the epidemiology and social impact of these diseases they prove to be quite similar. The current AIDS epidemic has the potential to be the most dangerous and destructive plague of the millennium. No one knows exactly how the AIDS virus erupted. However, one presently dominant theory states that AIDS originated from monkeys in Africathat transmitted the HIV virus to earthly c oncern through bites (Forsyth). As people migrated it reached Haiti and then spread to America (Clark p. 65). The bubonic plague, too, was a spontaneous epidemic. The Black Death occurred because a bacillus was carried by fleas that federal official off the blood of humans and transmitted the deadly bacillus in the process (Packer). It began in China and spread bymigration throughout all of Europe and even America (Forsyth). Efforts to contain both diseases were entirely unsuccessful. AIDS is now an international problem as wasthe bubonic plague. Like the bubonic plague did in the Middle Ages, AIDS is spreading at an alarming rate. In 1994 seventeen million people around the world were infect with the HIV virus that causes AIDS, and quartette million had developed the disease (Packer). It is estimated that by the year 2000 more than forty million people, ninet y percent in developing countries will be infected (Packer).The Black Death of the Middle Ages exterminated a third of the population of Europe in just four years. Also, like the bubonic plague, AIDS was once only found among accepted delineated social groups (Herlihy p. 18) drug abusers and homosexuals in this country and in prostitutes and their contacts in Africa. Due to the early epidemiology of AIDS cases, it was believed that only certain populations in specific areas were infected. Aids may have started out in small communities, but it spread quickly and widely.

The Applications and Making of Artificial Diamonds Essay -- Diamond Di

The Applications and Making of Artificial DiamondsDiamonds ar very unique. Their hardness and beauty have enticed people for many years. Now some of the same attributes that make them sympathetic also make them useful. To understand these attributes the chemistry of carbon is very important. This unique chemistry is what makes them so hard to make. Much research has gone into the making of diamonds and this has conduct to many successes in the field. These discoveries have led to machines and processes that make diamond making more efficient and reliable. Of course, all of this research and discoveries would not be sought later on if it was not for the many applications of diamonds. This is true for cosmetic, industrial and electronic purposes. Diamonds can be very complex but have many uses.The chemistry of diamonds is very interesting. Diamonds are composed mainly of carbon. Carbon can also exist as graphite, in a carbon chain or as buckminsterfullerene. It never fo rms bonds and leaves exclusive electron pairs. In graphite the carbon motes form an sp2 bonds. In this type of bonding an electron of the s orbital jumps to the p orbital to complete the octonary with the other carbon atoms. When this happens it causes the orbital to flatten and the result is one big lattice in a two dimensional plane (Oxtoby). These lattices are attracted to each other not bonded to each other in compounds of graphite. Although they are made of the same carbon the diamond compound is different because of the type of bonds. Each atom forms four directional sp3 bonds instead of the three resonating bonds in graphite. This allows the diamond to keep its tetrahedral shape. It is also what makes the diamond so hard. The tetrahedral sh... ... January 1999. Elert, Glenn. Presuures Used to Create Artificial Diamonds. 1998.Frogley, Elizabeth. very Good Fake Diamonds. November 6, 2002. Gurov, Ivan Ivanovich. Method of Diamond Making. November 2000. Ho over, Aaron. Simply Brilliant Uf/Russian Team Makes Gem-Quality Diamonds. erudition Daily News. August 1999. Krane, Kenneth. Modern Physics. United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996.Oxtoby, Freeman, Block. Chemistry, Science of Change. Philadelphia Saunders College Publishing. 1998.